An Analysis of the Geography of Witchcraft

Benjamin C. Ray wrote â€Å"The Geography of Witchcraft Accusation in 1692 Salam Village† in order to imply that geographic analysis of the witchcraft accusation, economic, religious as well as social status shows there was no significant east-west division within Salam Village. In the article, Ray points out that the map included in Salam Possessed is not only interpretive but also incomplete. He states that there was an inconsistency in giving a numerical count of accusers and accused in the village. Moreover, he questions about the setting of the demarcation line at the center of the map. Ray also offers a revised map of the accusation due to incorrect number of accuser and accused and intended exclusion of eight afflicted girls and the five villagers. From the revised map, Ray reveals that there is no significant division. Conversely, Boyer and Nissenbaum stated that inclusion of the eight afflicted girls would not significantly change the geographic pattern because they were not â€Å"decisive shapers† and also six of eight were not living in the parents’ house during the witchcraft outbreak. Although Boyer and Nissenbaum provided a wide range of information related to the accusation, they failed to present data as given in sources and convincing explanations. Apparently, they intended to show the division in the Village by looking at the map. However, Ray not only indicates errors contained in the map but also reveals the different possible interpretation which can be drawn conclusion from the revised map. I believe the use of the map for illustrating the east-west division of the witchcraft accusation in inappropriate. for omission of accusers and location of the demarcation line, and Boyer and Nissenbaum introduced idea of geographic distribution in the patterns of witchcraft accusation in the first chapter of Salem Possessed.

The Art of Washing Dishes

Process Analysis: The Art of Washing Dishes Eibby Porras Hodges University ENG-0992 Professor Greg Durrschmidt July 9, 2012 Process Analysis: The Art of Washing Dishes My Aunt Grace taught me a very important lesson: the art of washing dishes. When I was eight years old, she invited me to her home for dinner. Afterwards, taking me to her modest kitchen, she asked me to help her wash dishes. She started by telling me the story of how she learned with my great grandmother and today was my opportunity to learn this splendid lesson.This method starts before getting to the sink at the dinning table, by dividing all dishes. At the sink, they are carefully washed with soap and water in a specific order. The process comes to an end by drying and putting everything away. Her rule was never leave dirty dishes over hour in the sink and even worst never leave them for the next day, because it was unhygienic. This of course was many years ago.This process starts at the dinning table; once everyon e has finished eating, they are excuse to leave the table. The first step is to clean all the dishes from leftovers; then the plates are arranged by dimension and they are piled up carefully without making a lot of noise, then all silverware is put together and finally glasses are picked up. Next, all dishes are taken to the sink; the amazing part is that no soaking is required because as soon as everyone is finished, dishes are washed.The next step is to put soap on a sponge and start washing first all glasses as a result; glasses will be free from stains and grease. Consequently, plates are washed with soap and water. Finally, all silverware is washed. All dishes are then rinsed off following the same order glasses, plates and silverware placing them on dish rack. Glasses need to be facing down, so that water runs down from the inside faster, plates are put vertically and silverware can be put vertically or horizontally.Back in the day there was not optional to leave dishes out to dry by them selves, dishes had to be dried with a towel and then placed back in the cabinet. In conclusion, I have to admit that being a housewife is not a easy job, personally I dislike doing dishes not matter which way they are done; oftentimes when I leave dishes overnight I wake up saying to myself Aunt Grace said do dishes within an hour. I reminisce and cherish that moment. It was a very special day.

Evaluation of Supporting Programmes of the National Leprosy Eradication Programme of India Essay

The National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP) was launched in 1983 with the objective to arrest the disease in all known areas. It was formed from the National Leprosy Control Programme (MLCP) which was also started by the government of India in 1955. It utilizes multi-drug therapy (MDT) which was discovered in the 1970s and recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) study group in October 1981. By the progress achieved through use of MDT, in 1991 the world health organization assembly was motivated to set a target of eliminating leprosy at a global level by the year 2000 which eventually led to World Bank-supported NLEPs in endemic nations (including India). In year 2001, the NLEP put together the following strategy towards leprosy elimination in India: Decentralization of NLEPs to states and districts, Integration of leprosy services with General Healthcare System (GHS), Leprosy training and GHS functionaries, Surveillance for early diagnosis and prompt MDT through routine and special efforts, Intensified IEC using local and manmade approaches, and Prevention of disability and care. In addition, the strategies were also modified as the programme continued. For example, in the strategic plan of action (2004-05) programme focus was shifted from states to high and medium endemic districts and blocks. Also, in the Focus Leprosy Eradication Plan (FLEP2005) and in the intensified supervision and monitoring that marked the end of the programme in the year 2005. The programme was conducted through different phases of World Bank supported NLEP. Through planning and well execution of activities, leprosy was eliminated as a public health problem at the national level in the month of December 2005. This brought the prevalence rate in the country to 0. 95/10000 population. References Dr. G. P. S. Dhillon and Dr. B. N. Barkakaty. NATIONAL LEPROSY ERADICATION PROGRAMME IN INDIA: ACHIEVEMENTS AND DEFICIENCIES. National Leprosy Eradication Programme of India (NLEP) India government. (2005). National Leprosy Eradication Programme. retrieved may 4 2010 from http://india. gov. in/sectors/health_family/national_programme. php. World Health Organization (WHO). Initiatives in the National Leprosy Eradication Program of India. Rtrieved may 4 2010 from http://www. whoindia. org/EN/Section3/Section122_1215. htm. Mittal BN. (2006) The national leprosy eradication programme in India.

Cyclical Fluctuations in the Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cyclical Fluctuations in the Economy - Essay Example The supply side shocks such as the improvements in technology or the raging oil prices affect the costs and prices in different countries. These supply side policies may then have an internal affect on the interest rates, exchange rates etc to becoming either beneficial or causing damage in the own country. In effect the cyclical fluctuations in the economy may be expected, however activities are so interconnected that changing one variable for the better usually upsets other variables. These cyclical fluctuations can be divided into 4 consequences. These consequences are handled by the macroeconomic policy of the government. (objectives of government macroeconomic policy, 2008) These objectives seem hard to achieve in the light of the cyclical fluctuations in the economy, however the government needs to apply the macroeconomic policies with hindsight and foresight to fully reap the benefits of the economic system. The main objective that all governments want to at least achieve is to increase the growth rate of the country without increasing the inflation. This is the real growth, while with inflation the growth is cancelled out with the rising prices of commodities. Monetary policy is "the policy carried out by the central bank to manipulate interest rates and credit conditions, in order to influence the general level of economic activity. Monetary policy is a powerful tool for influencing the level of employment, economic growth and the rate of inflation." (GOIAM) The government should lower the interest rates. This will eventually direct the growth towards the rise in consumer and business capital spending. When this happens the national income rises making the people spend more and increase the economic activity. Since investment spending results in a larger capital stock, then incomes in the future will also be higher through the impact on LRAS. The people would spend more rather than keeping the money in the banking systems as the return on investment isn't high. With the increased economic activity, the country will boom and the growth will increase. Eventually this growth would need to be sustained, which can be done through the use of microeconomic policies such as supply side and monetary policies (GOIAM). Therefore when the interest rates need to be reduced without changing the inflation rate by using the expansionary monetary policy, the aggregate demand will increase. On the other hand if a contractionary monetary policy is used, th e spending will decrease and the aggregate demand will decrease. (Weerapana, 2002) (Source: Weerapana, 2002) Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy is the policy used by the government to control the total level of economic activity in a country. It "involves the use of government spending, taxation and borrowing to influence both the pattern of economic activity and also the level and growth of aggregate demand, output and employment". An expansion in fiscal policy by increasing government spending will contribute directly to aggregate demand. This demand is good for the country as it would give an opportunity to the industry to boom and make more efficient use of their systems to cater to the demand. However if the government spendi

3-page case study on recent developments of Napster and its industry Essay

3-page case study on recent developments of Napster and its industry - Essay Example After a takeover offer of $2.43 million by the Private Media Group, Napsters brand and logos were acquired at bankruptcy auction by the company Roxio, Inc in 2002 and the online service was called as pressplay in 2003. At present Napster, LLC (formerly Roxio, Inc.) is an online music provider offering a variety of purchase and subscription models. The new legal online music service let user’s access music through a subscription or on a fee-per-song basis. The Napster PC-based subscription service is currently available in the U.S., UK, Canada, Germany and Japan. There are two types of subscription service offering at present Napster To Go, The portable subscription tier, which offers music fans to unlimited transfer of music to their choice of compatible MP3 players, cell phones and PDAs in addition to unlimited streaming and PC downloading for $14.95 per month. Napster also offers Napster Light, pay-per-track (no monthly subscription fee) and Napster.com, a free advertising supported website that enables full-length versions of over 3 million tracks three times to stream/listen . It had also launched NapsterLinks, which links to all of the music in Napster catalog that can be embedded into WebPages, blogs or in emails for sharing anywhere on the web. Napster also offers a mobile music service called as Napster Mobile. This service enables mobile users to search and browse Napster’s music catalog and preview, purchase and play songs on their mobile handset through an integrated music player. June 27, 2006: The availability of Napster 3.7, an updated version of its PC application featuring PowerSync, which optimized the process of transferring subscription music content to compatible MP3 players. May 12, 2006: The launch of Napster.com as a free advertising supported website that enables full-length versions of over 3 million tracks three times to

Addiction is a brain disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Addiction is a brain disease - Research Paper Example Addiction has been considered a major society’s problem and it is because of this that some experts believe it as a brain disease at some point. This paper tries to explain that addiction is indeed a disease of the brain. Addiction defined Addiction is a specific behavioral problem that is usually manifested with lack of control of using and seeking something just like drugs, sex and gambling (Gamonet & Piazza, 2010; Goodman, 2008). It is also known as a syndrome in which there is a considerable focus on the impaired control over a behavior (West & Hardy, 2006). Addiction therefore is something that takes control over someone’s life. Someone who is addicted to something else is after of uncontrolled longing for self gratification. Although addiction may differ from what a habit is, the entire point is that its manifestation can always be observed from a behavioral point of view. However, addiction can also be explained from the biological context and this primarily invo lves the study of the brain and its other related fields. Brain disease defined From a biomedical model, disease is defined based on the context of four assumptions in which one of them states that it is a deviation from normal biological functioning (Mishler, 1981). From this assumption, a brain disease therefore is implied as the brain’s inability to function well based on what a normal one can potentially do. This is a generic point of view, but the entire argument in the above assumption is that a deviation from the norm especially when there is involved biological functioning is ground to be considered as a disease. Evidences about addiction is brain disease In order to consider addiction as a brain disease, it is important to trace the very nature of a normal brain and its potential functions in the human body. The normal human brain is said to have the capacity to take control over the entire body. However, aside from the biological stand point, the brain does not only control the whole activities of the body, but primarily thoughts and behavior (Feldman, 2003). This implies that a normal brain has the capacity to create normal thoughts and behavior. Since addiction is a behavioral problem, the brain therefore has specific problem by itself considering that it should have the capacity to create normal thoughts and behaviors in the first place. Furthermore, based on the assumption about normal biological functioning of the body, a normal brain therefore has to function well as expected resulting to create normal thoughts or behaviors. Doctor Alan Lesbner, director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse personally believes that addiction is a brain disease (Walsh, 1997). This is based on the idea that drug addiction is just a result of one’s brain inability to take control of a certain behavior. Doctor Lesbner argued that not all of those who abused drugs resulted to addiction because the brain has a certain capacity to control human behavi or. In fact, not all of those who tried prohibited drugs are addicted. Furthermore, not all of those who start gambling and having sex are addicted to such of these activities. However, the abuse of drugs for instance leads to some changes in the brain and to some extent they are harmful for its normal functioning (Heyman, 2009). Some recent findings showing addiction is a brain disease supported the idea of Doctor Lesbner. Recent findings suggest that addiction is associated with dysfunction of brain tissues resulting to the disruption of regions in the brain which are capable of controlling the normal process of motivation, reward and inhibitory control (Ries et al., 2009; Heyman & Brownsberger, 2001; Flores, 1997). The advent of technological breakthroughs makes this

The Movie Playing by Heart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Movie Playing by Heart - Essay Example Attachment and commitment was a different story, however, because each individual had a different background. Hannah and Paul, married for 40 years survived Paul’s brief infidelity even if he and Hannah only had closure about that affair recently. Theirs is a case of true love that conquered all and is the kind of marriage that is permanent and not fleeting. Gracie and Hugh’s marriage was on the rocks because boredom set in and Gracie did not think Hugh had enough imagination to make their marriage more exciting, that is why Hugh kept trying to invent stories and sell these to women in bars to prove to himself that he is still an interesting man. Gracie, however, goes off to have a physical affair with a man he thought was exciting. Their marriage was not built on a strong foundation because the commitment to each other was flimsy and consistently needed concrete proof that they were worthy of each other. Meredith and Trent’s relationship is new, thanks to Trentà ¢â‚¬â„¢s devotion and persistence in breaking down the high wall that Meredith had built around herself. Being able to get through to her was a major breakthrough that both he and Meredith had a great chance of a successful relationship. The same is true of Joan and Keenan who met casually at a bar. Although their lives seem to be shallow, once they opened up to each other and decided to become vulnerable, they discovered what love was. The movie seemed to point out that once walls are broken down and the person inside agrees to be exposed until another person gets to love him or her for what he or she is, then the love that will grow from it is true. The couples Meredith and Trent and Joan and Keenan have chances to have happy marriages and probably children to complete their families. This is because they have made a decision, to be honest with each other and to live without pretenses.

Research paper based on the life of Edgar Allan Poe Essay

Research paper based on the life of Edgar Allan Poe - Essay Example aware of his life story realize that he was orphaned at a very young age and was never able to achieve any sense of connection to his foster parents, the Allans. The author is also famous for his marriage to a young girl. At the age of 27, Poe decided to marry his 13-year-old cousin Virginia, the only girl he ever truly loved and who tragically died while still considered a young girl. Contributing both to his despair and his alienation from his foster father, Poe is known to have also engaged in a number of poor personal habits such as drinking, gambling and using opium, perhaps even as an addict. Despite these issues, he was able to find early commercial success as a writer. He published his first book of poems at the age of 19 and began publishing his short stories by the age of 23. Unfortunately, though, he never achieved the kind of financial success he felt his innovation and talent were entitled to and he remained a mostly disillusioned and miserable man through most of his li fe. Setting the rules for the art of the short story he’d brought into popularity, Poe said â€Å"If any literary work is too long to be read at one sitting, we must be content to dispense with the immensely important effect derivable from unity of impression† (Mowery, 1997). Like many writers, though, Poe wrote of what he was most intimately familiar with, in this case his own inner demons, and his stories were thus themed primarily around the concepts of sorrow and loss. By examining works such as â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† or â€Å"Ligeia,† one begins to understand much about the author’s personality and inner character through the revelation of his anima. The term anima was introduced by Carl Jung’s work on dream analysis as a means of understanding the psyche on a different level than what had been proposed by Sigmund Freud. According to Neumann (1954), â€Å"the Anima is the personification of all feminine psychological tendencies within a man, the

Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 3 - Essay Example Their initial dabble at organizing their favorite websites into categories had transformed into a million-hits-directory website which offered a search feature to visitors, allowing them to search for web content by browsing categories. Considering that there had been no search engine before Yahoo!, it is safe to say that before the entry of the first mover, the industry had no other player in the category. The industry of the internet was a slow cycle industry since the product still exists in today’s world. However, the technology running and defining this network had a very fast cycle. Technology became obsolete very soon and firms were forced to keep innovating and improving their product offering in order to stay afloat. Many of the innovations brought about in this relatively new field were from garages and university dorms as was in the case of Yahoo!. When Yahoo! was initially launched, it was a little more than an organized directory of a handful of websites which the friends, families and peers of the two PHD students at Stanford University used to navigate the web. However, only a year later in 1995, the immense growing popularity of the website prompted the founders to actively pursue the concept as a business and set up their own company with the help of start up funds from venture capitalists.

Assess the effect of technology on human relations and performance Essay

Assess the effect of technology on human relations and performance - Essay Example In regards to job satisfaction, the value of work is my utmost treasure. I do not buy the idea that I am embarrassed when those I interact with quiz me concerning the work that I do to earn a living. In the course of undertaking daily chores, the volumes and challenges presented by tasks do not cause tension and anxiousness in me. The chores instead, enlighten my spirit of hard work for a better accomplishment of tasks. It is disagreeable that the nature of my work presents little time for socialization and that if I work with salient speed to accomplish tasks on time would not help reduce the volume of work on the table. In fact, the work environment is both comfortable and enjoyable presenting a relaxed, productive environment. Though this is this case, the nature of my work requires a wide array of skill, effort and talent. As a worker, the company values my contribution towards the success of the business and would not seek to replace me on the basis that a do not possess the prerequisite knowledge of the latest technology. Job autonomy is an important aspect at work. This is because it provides the worker the freedom of innovativeness and creativity. It is as important as a n employee ability to possess control over work and the freedom have rest hours on a workday without being questioned. Employee’s information on the contribution of work in the society is averagely important in that the employee would always work towards those ends. A job that does not call for constant attention from the management is equally important but the knowledge of how the workers deeds affect clients should be the worker’s utmost priority. I just like what do at workplace. It gives me a sense of satisfaction when I accomplish a task and derive immense pleasure. While working hours, short breaks for making personal calls are essential for me. A meaningful work is

Technology vs Man Essay Example for Free

Technology vs Man Essay Technology versus man is not only a theme found in literature, such as when the scientist, Frankenstein, created the monster who came alive and turned on the scientist, but is also a theme found in the real-life world of American economy. The Economist is a weekly newspaper focusing on politics and business news and opinion. It ran an article called â€Å"Into the Unknown† which put forth the idea that changes in technology that destroy jobs can also create new ones. The machine (created by man) will not necessarily turn on the man to destroy him by taking away his means of making a living. Though the machine may eliminate one means of making a living, in so doing it may create a number of new means. When technology starts to eliminate jobs, it also creates an opportunity to profit from the creation of new jobs. â€Å"Into the Unknown† says the fear that a rise in technology would cause a decline in jobs is not a new one. In 1929 American economist Stuart Chase in his book Men and Machines, made the prediction that the creation of machines to do the work that man once did would soon destroy the American economy. The machines would go on producing the same amount of product, but jobless people would not have the money to buy the product. He felt that this economic disaster was just around the corner. Time has proven him wrong according to this article. What Chase didn’t understand was that the machine that destroyed one job set the course for the creation of new, possibly unthought-of jobs. Economic predictions are often wrong and short-sighted. Even short-term labor-market predictions can be wrong as seen in the 1988 example of the twenty occupations that the government predicted would suffer the most job losses between 1988 and 2000. Half of those occupations gained jobs instead of lost. The fear of out-sourcing jobs to other countries is another modern day economic fear according this article; but the author feels out-sourcing could be a way of getting rid of less valuable jobs and then using those workers to do more valuable jobs. Retraining workers and remembering that human desire for new technology will help keep Americans working. The idea that changes in technology that destroy jobs can create new ones is not accepted by everyone. Two hundred years ago in England a group called the Luddites – 19th-century English textile workers – revolted against industrialization by sabotaging mechanical looms. They felt these looms made it possible to replace them with less-skilled, low-wage workers, leaving them without work. An English economist of that day, David Ricardo, was the first to predict that technology would result in unemployment. There have been many others that have agreed with that prediction – economists such as John Maynard, Wassily Leontief, Pater Drucker, and Stuart Chase. Yet despite massive mechanization and automation, the U.S. economy has kept creating jobs. These fears are still being advanced today by people such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology professors, Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew P. McAfee. If Stuart Chase thought economic disaster was just around the corner, these men believe we have turned that corner. They believe automation is replacing people faster than the economy can create jobs. Catherine Mann, who is quoted in The Economist article, disagrees with this assessment. She says that Information Technology (IT) jobs have risen from 1999-2003 (Behrens 246). IT jobs, such as health information experts, machine-to-machine communications enablers, and outsourcing/offshoring managers, are increasing. Ms. Mann actually predicts an IT labor shortage (Behrens 246). Is America on the brink of economic disaster due to IT replacing men with machines, or is IT actually producing more jobs than it is taking away as the theme states? History would cause one to believe that the economy will adjust as it always has, and new jobs will be generated; yet a new variable could prove that wrong. America’s gross domestic product has grown 75% since 2009, yet unemployment has hovered above 9% since the same date. This would indicate that Stuart Chase and his kind are right. The new variable is Moore’s Law – microprocessors double their performance every eighteen months. They have been doing this ever since they were introduced in 1958. To illustrate this growth, if one grain of rice was placed on a chessboard square and then doubled on the second square and then that amount was doubled on the third square, by the time all sixty-four squares were filled, the amount of rice would be equal to Mount Everest. Simply put, computers have grown far more powerful over the past fifty years. An example of this is the technological advancement in pattern recognition which now surpasses human capability. This is seen in autonomous vehicles and voice recognition software. Over time, a well-functioning economy should adjust to technological unemployment, but it’s important that workers learn new skills and new business models be invented. As the article states, computer professionals have learned that maintaining standard business-software packages is no longer lucrative, but tailoring business software and services is. There is not a big supply of IT graduates to recruit and train in America. Therefore, companies have to retrain their employees in these sought-after skills (Behrens 246). When technology starts to eliminate jobs, it also creates an opportunity to profit from the creation of new jobs. Even though it is a possibility that we have actually turned the corner in our economy and that technology is actually eliminating jobs faster than they can be created, it is not the time to throw hands in the air and give up. It would be good to remember that technology has created jobs today that would not have been dreamed of twenty-five to fifty years ago. Who knows what jobs will be available twenty-five to fifty years from now?

Observational Learning Essay Example for Free

Observational Learning Essay During this course we studied that behaviors can be learned through our own experiences or observing others. Learning is the knowledge obtained in life through education, interacting with people, experiences and practice. There are three types of learning: Classical Conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. There are many topics that grabbed my interest during this course, but observational learning made me think about my personal life and reminded me of many experiences that I went through in life. Observational learning means that we learn through watching others and then imitating them, this can happen through observing our family, neighbors, friends or TV. I remember when I was a child, I used to watch my mother cooking and then I go back to my room and pretend that am cooking as well. Even though, I grew up and became a very bad cooker. Albert Bandura suggested in his theory The social learning theory that children tend to imitated adults by observing them. He supported his theory in his famous experiment Bobo doll, which shows an adult acting aggressively toward a Bobo doll, and after that when they allowed the children to play with the doll they acted in the same aggressive way. I remember last year I was with my aunt and her 7 years old son in the car going to a restaurant. My aunt is a smoker, so she took out a cigarette and started smoking. After sometimes, her son told her: When I grow up I will smoke cigarettes, she told him: No, you are not allowed to smoke its bad for health, he replayed: But you smoke, I want to be cool like you and when we reached to the restaurant, her son took a straw and started acting as if he is smoking. In addition, Banduaras study showed that people also learn through imitating others who receive punishments and rewards. It means that when a child sees his older siblings getting punished for doing something wrong, the child is more likely to avoid doing it so he/she wont get punished. On the other hand, if a child noticed that one of his siblings are rewarded for behaving in a certain way or doing something good, the child will do the same to get a reward. When I was 9 years old, my parents bought a new toy for my older brother because he got a full mark on one of his subjects at school, I was very jealous that day and decided to study hard to get a full mark so my parents can get me a gift. Learning can be either positive or negative. Positive observational learning is when a person learn a good behavior from someone. When I was young, every time we go to a mall there were these small charity cabinets were you can donate money. I used to see my mother donating money like every time we go to a mall, and now I do the same thing. In contrast, negative observational learning is when a person learn a bad behavior from someone else. It is true that people can learn negative behavior from their siblings, family, friends or neighbors, however; I believe that TV and media content is more dangerous and have more powerful impact on people. For example, my small cousin began to act violently since he started watching WWE (a wrestling show) and he even memorized all the wrestle moves. Everyone in the family and school is complaining that he beats other children so hard. For him, he finds it cool and believe that in this way more people will like him as they like these wrestlers. Finally, I believe that observational learning is an effective way. Children have the right to explore their own world and determine the wrong action from the right one. Of course, parents should act in a proper way in front of their children and be careful of what they are watching, and advice them to do the right thing when the make a mistake.

Smoking Cessation Interventions In England Health And Social Care Essay

Smoking Cessation Interventions In England Health And Social Care Essay Smoking causes a range of health issues and diseases in people particularly Cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer and a range of other cancers, peptic ulcer and various other medical conditions. (National Health Service, 2010)The survival rates are low even after the person undergoes surgery. Post operative Complications may also develop which causes delays in recuperation and often people experience respiratory issues due to this. (National Institute of Clinical Excellence, 2010). Further, it can cause complications in pregnancy and labour among women who smoke during their pregnancy period, including ectopic pregnancy, bleeding, premature detachment of placenta and premature rapture of membranes. These women also suffer from a high risk of miscarriages in comparison to those who do not smoke. Also, the babies born to such mothers carry a lighter weight (average 200-250 gm) than women who do not smoke. (NICE, 2010). This can reduce the immunity system of children and place them at risk of developing diseases in childhood or death. It has been found that Smoking in pregnancy increases infant mortality by about 40 percent. (NICE, 2010). The number of deaths attributed to smoking were estimated to be 83,900 in adults aged 35 and above in 2008. Among these deaths, 23,200 resulted from respiratory diseases (mainly obstructive lung disease) and 37,000 accounted for cancer conditions (lung cancer, Cancer of the Oesophagus). (HSCIC, 2009) Given the varied benefits of stopping smoking and adopt healthy lifestyle, some smokers are willing to quit smoking and 70 percent of them make efforts to quit at least once in their lifetime. At present, the self reported rates of smoking in England is 21 percent among adults aged 16 and above. Despite the trends of reduction in smoking prevalence, it is still considered as a serious public health concern in England (Allender et al, 2008). NHS Stop smoking services It is reported that over two third (67%) of the smokers in the English population attempt to quit every year (ONS, 2009). However, smokers are often require to put in repeated efforts and attempts towards quitting smoking before succeeding (NHS, 2010). To support smokers who want to quit smoking and help them succeed in their quit efforts, National Health Service (NHS) founded a unique initiative program called as NHS Stop Smoking Services (NHSsss) in 1999. This national programme came into being following the White paper on Smoking kills published by Government in 1998.This policy guidance expressed strong commitment to address the serious health consequences of smoking and tackle the growing concern of rising prevalence rate of smoking in the population. It laid down plans for the development of a special national unit, Smoking Cessation Services) along with other initiatives (implementation of advertisement ban, ban of smoking at work and public places). NHSSS forms the part of th e wider Tobacco Control program run by Government to reduce the prevalence of smoking among the local population. Their primary role is to provide and deliver a high- quality clinical smoking cessation services to smokers who are motivated to quit smoking. Since its establishment, NHS Stop smoking services (SSS) have supported over two million people to quit smoking in the short run and 500,000 people to quit smoking in the long run without relapse. In total it has saved 70,000 lives uptill now. Even though smoking rates have dropped down since 1990s the progress has been slower in the last decade among the Routine and Manual workers population. It has been estimated that the dropping rate of smoking is 0.4 percent a year. (NICE, 2010). This suggests that health inequalities exist between different socio- economic groups. There have been expectations that SSS will make significant contributions in reducing the gap of smoking prevalence between these groups. This issue was taken up as one of the main priority in NHS Operating Framework and treatments and support were offered by Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) to people who were willing to stop smoking in deprived localities of England. (Low et al, 2007). However, quit rates among socially di sadvantaged groups remain low. Currently, out of the total smoking population, smoking rates among Routine and Manual workers are 26 percent. Also, the smoking rate is high among people who belong to ethnic minority groups in the UK population. Studies conducted in various ethnic minority communities have reported that people from these populations do not access the services offered by NHS SSS due to limited information about the accessibility and effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions. Thus, to maximise the potential of NHS Stop Smoking Services, a high and effective level of intervention is essential to target this public health concern and reach people from all socio economic and ethnic minority groups who are willing to stop smoking and benefit from it. NHS Stop Smoking Cessation Services- Delivering of interventions NHS Stop smoking support are offered and delivered in range of ways. The treatments are provided to people in a separately or a combined manner. Recommended treatments that have shown evidence to be effective over the years comprise (NICE, 2010): Brief interventions given by GP, nurses or other health practitioners practicing in the local community in the form of advice, self help materials or referrals for further clinical treatment. Individual Behaviour counselling in a one to one sessions Group Behaviour therapy ( Also known as Closed Groups) Pharmacotherapies ( providing alternate medications like Nicotine Replacement therapy, Buropion or Vareniclin) Self help materials (leaflets, quick kits) Telephone counselling and quitlines Media campaigns to spread awareness of smoking related ill health and interventions available to stop smoking. The sources of mass media campaigns include a combination of television, radio, newspaper advertising. Smokers who are willing to discontinue smoking are offered the above range of treatments options so that they can chose the one which suits them the most. The health professionals may provide, as appropriate, a combination of interventions that are sensitive to the needs, preferences and ethnic diversity of their local smoking population and at the same time being mindful of bridging the gap between health inequalities. These interventions are considered to be cost effective way of reducing ill health and prolonging life. So every smoker should be advised to stop smoking and offered help if they feel like wise in doing so. (NHS, 2010) All the interventions provided under Stop Smoking Services Clinics share some common properties. Such as Behavioural support offered in both individual and group therapies by health professionals and they normally advise the usage of Nicotine and Nicotine- based therapies along with it. (NHS, 2010). This clinical service is provided over multiple sessions to the smoker and a quit target date is set at a follow up of 4 weeks. Success ranges of quit rates by smokers depends upon the type of intervention received by them. Interventions that combine group support with Nicotine reduction therapy are more effective in achieving 4 weeks quit rates (71 percent) in comparison to individual support given in clinical settings. (Bauld et al, 2009). Though both types of intervention implement complimentary modes of action, the quit rates maintained over long term differ considerably. Other interventions like counselling support and information provided over quit lines, internet and mobile phones may be easily accessible by wide smoking population but may be less intensive and effective in comparison to the support given in clinical settings (NHS, 2010). Aims of this Research: This research is designed to meet the following aims: To assess the effect of the different interventions and support offered by Smoking cessation services to help achieve success rates of smoking abstinence over long period of time. To make a comparison between the studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of interventions undertaken by the smoker with the assistance of self help interventions in comparison to the clinical treatments provided under NHS stop smoking cessation services over the last decade. The comparative assessment will be done between the following: Self help materials (leaflets, information kits); Mobile phone and Web based support, Smoking Quitlines Vs Brief advice offered by GPs and other health professionals Brief GP advice + Nicotine reduction therapy, Bupropian and Vernaciline; Attending a smoking clinic and receiving Behavioural support +NRT, Bupropian and Vernaciline Highlight those interventions among the clinical and less clinical interventions which are more likely to produce successful quit rates at 4 weeks follow up. Rationale for conducting this Literature review Research Disease Burden from smoking: Smoking imposes a huge burden on the countrys economy. It imposes direct costs on National Health Service for health care and indirect costs on loss of productivity (ASH, 2010). It has been estimated that National Health Service spends approximately 2.7 billion on treatments and control this public health issue. In addition, it puts the smoker and their families and others through discomfort, pain and suffering. Among them, the cost of bereavement and consequent emotional and social distress, the payment of social security and benefits is given to the dependants of those who die as a result of smoking related disease. Also, it has been suggested that total number of deaths associated with smoking has not changed much in the last 10 years (Allender et al, 2008) Thus, given the expenditure spent by NHS in providing interventions under its National Program, it becomes highly important to deliver treatments that are evidenced based and help in maintaining consistent quit rates of between 35% and 70% in the population and meet the PSA target of reducing smoking prevalence rate by 21% or less by 2010 (NHS, 2010). This research will make a comparative assessment and provide information and insight of the effectiveness of the both highly clinical and less clinical interventions which will help in the meeting the current NHS targets for 2010. Knowledge transfer: For the purpose of achieving the third aim, the author has a personal interest in highlighting it. The author here wishes to gain wider information about the most effective smoking cessation intervention with the objective of transfer knowledge. The author of this dissertation belongs to India and she wanted to make an international comparative assessment of the effectiveness of national smoking cessation interventions between England and India. However, due to the limited published documents of current trends and related literature, it has not been possible to examine and make comparisons with India on this topic. But the author found some useful information from a national report produced under Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW, 2004) raised awareness about the widespread production, consumption and resulting impact of ill health impinging on Indian population and its economy. So the author would like to transfer knowledge by sharing the results and outcomes of this research with the health professionals with the main purpose of sensitising Indian health care system; and promoting most effective tobacco cessation interventions based on the examples of English Stop Smoking Cessation services; and minimize the economic burden on Indian government. (MOHSW, 2004) Thus, Tobacco Control programmes worldwide are designed with the aim of reducing the burden of disease, disability and death related to the consumption of tobacco. In order to determine the effectiveness of such programmes in England, it is essential to describe the smoking cessation interventions; document implementation and show results and outcomes to guage their contribution towards bringing down the smoking rate in the population. Hence, The next section, Preliminary Literature review will discuss in detail the workings of NHS Stop smoking services; different Smoking Cessation treatments, and manner of implementation with statistical facts to support their contribution in bringing down the smoking rate in English population.

People and Food Essay examples -- essays research papers

"PEOPLE AND FOOD People are for the most part clueless when it comes to food. God forbid you might actually cook something at home. Have you ever noticed the size of the frozen food sections at grocery stores? They are fucking huge! Throwing a pizza pocket in the microwave is NOT cooking. I constantly see people with their shopping carts overflowing with yummy frozen goodness. LAZY FUCKS!! Included in that demographic are those who rely on the food delivery industry. Ther isn’t much you can’t have brought right to your front door these days. I have a neighbor who I would bet has food delivered at least four days a week. How lazy can you get?! I guess it has a lot to do with how you are brought up. If your parents sucked at cooking oe pumped you full of frozen dinners I guess you would probably do the same as an adult. I find it interesting what people believe to be â€Å"fine dining†. Outback, Olive Garden, RED FUCKING LOBSTER??!! â€Å"We are taking mom out for her birthday, someplace nice, how about Red Lobster?† Are you fucking kidding me?! That place has some of the worst food I have ever had the displeasure of consuming! I am NOT a picky eater and the only thing I can manage to eat there are the little cheasy bisquit thingys. What is the draw of that place?! I don’t get it. Anyone who thinks that place is good was raised in a bubble and never given the chance to have any real food. At least the menu at Outback and the â€Å"OG† are somewhat edible. The problem is people actually perceive these places as â€Å"fine dining† FUCK THAT!! It’s overpriced mediocre crap that you can get by pulling off of any friggin off ramp in the country. I think that’s part of the draw, it’s a safety net of sorts. People don’t want to risk trying some place new so they go with what they already know. Come on people get some balls! In the City I live in we have a small hole in the wall steak house that has been around forever. It has received awards from Sunset magazine for the quality of their steaks. One day I’m in line at a local grocery store. The people in front of me ask the checker to recommend a place to get a good steak in town. She says â€Å"go to Outback they are great† I was thinking to myself â€Å"WHAT THE FUCK ARE YOU TALKING ABOUT LADY!!!!† So I say â€Å"what about Jack’s?† she says â€Å"well I’ve lived here for twenty years and have never been able to get into Jacks because the wait is... ...siness anytime soon. My wife and I lived in Missouri (misery) for a couple years. We moved there due to a job opportunity. There are many things different about the mid west. The list is too large for me to really go into. There is one thing I find interesting though. They have an appetizer they call â€Å"toasted ravioli†. Don’t get me wrong, they are tasty little buggers but there is nothing â€Å"toasted† about them. They are DEEP FRIED you jackasses!! Deep fried cheese filled raviolis served with marinara sauce on the side. Just call them what they are you freaky mid west bastards!! Here is something I have never understood. People who absolutely have to have the crust removed from their bread before they eat it. What the?!!!†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.is there some poison in crust I’m not aware of? How much of a wussy freak do you have to be? These are just people who we’re brought up by fucked up parents. How in the hell does someone suddenly decide that they will drop dead from eating a little crust? It’s the same fucking shit as the rest of the bread just a little darker. Now they actually produce crust-less bread for these fucking morons. I bet Jeffery Dahmer removed his crusts." lol thanks Rich

Effects of Betrayal in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Effects of Betrayal in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God The first time one experiences betrayal from a close friend is the hardest situation to go through. Betrayal is clearly defined as to break the faith of an enemy, or to disclose a violation of confidence; but more specifically, and with less clarity in real life situations, betrayal is a complex action that occurs to everyone at some point in life. For a person that has been betrayed before, the simple definition does not do justice to the effects betrayal has on their life or how one can be betrayed. Apparent examples can be seen in Their Eyes Were Watching God, for the main character is clearly betrayed many times in her life. The end product could potentially be worse than the act of betrayal. The person could feel that they cannot trust the person that deceived then, or might feel like they are unable to trust anyone else. They could have mixed feelings about keeping a friendship or being around that person on a daily basis. If it were something that had major consequences or really hurt that person, one would feel anger towards that said person, especially if it were embarrassing in front of a large amount of people or was suppressing one for a long time. People can be betrayed in a variety of ways for different reasons, by anyone in their lives. A close family member or a best friend could betray one. They may go behind one’s back in order for more personal gain, but sometimes they commit betrayal in the interest of one’s benefit. A not so close friend could betray one’s trust by telling a secret or situation that was told or seen in confidence that was broken for a juicy story or just slipped unnoticed. Some people betray their friends or enemies in order to make them look bad; such as spreading a rumor about said person. More than once was Janie betrayed; the main character from Their Eyes Were Watching God tells her life story to her friend and explains the things that were not so good in her life. Many people through the course of her life betray her, most recognizably she is constantly the talk of her town, and some townspeople that are jealous are the mouth of that gossip. They talk about her behind her back to make themselves more assured that she is not better than them.

Robert Boyle Essay -- essays research papers

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) Robert Boyle was born at Lismore Castle, Munster on 25 January 1627, the fourteenth child and seventh son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork. Robert Boyle was educated mainly by tutors and himself. He had no formal university education but read widely and made contact with many of the most important natural philosophers of his day, both at home and abroad. He had independent means which enabled him to have his own laboratory and to support religious charities. He was active in the ‘Invisible College’, an informal body devoted to the ‘new philosophy’ which in 1663 became the Royal Society, of which he was a Council member. He moved to Oxford in 1654, where he set up a laboratory with Robert Hooke as his assistant There he did most of his experimental work until 1668 when he went to live in London with his sister Lady Ranelagh. He was made an honorary Doctor of Medicine of Oxford in 1688. In his autobiographical account (Works, vol. 1, pp. xxi–xxvi) he reflects on his noble birth that ‘being born heir to a great family is but a glittering kind of slavery’ and ‘is ever an impediment to the knowledge of many retired truths, that cannot be attained without familiarity with meaner persons’. He indeed developed a keen interest in the work of artisans because they tend to know more than anyone else about the materials of their trades. He makes a general remark about religious beliefs that ‘though we cannot always give a reason for what we believe, we should ever be able to give a reason why we believe it’, which is surely a precept that guided his attitude to natural philosophy as well. Boyle was a prolific writer and experimenter on most scientific subjects that were attracting interest at the time. He investigated some alchemical claims about which he was largely skeptical in his published works. He was a devoutly religious man but wrote mainly about practical and ethical religious matters rather than engaging in theological controversy. He argued for the tolerance of different religious beliefs, and spent a good deal of money on propagating the gospel in New England and the Orient, sponsoring translations of the Bible into foreign languages. He published many experimental reports and did original work on chemical indicators, human blood, color, fire, medicine, and hydrostatics. With Hooke he developed Guericke’s air pump, which he need... ...paratus. He never claimed to have got very far in providing firm empirical evidence for complex corpuscular explanations but he remained optimistic. It has recently been argued, partly on the basis of Boyle’s unpublished notes, that his interest in alchemy has been greatly underestimated by earlier scholars. It is well known that he attempted to confirm many of the alchemists’ experimental claims but he is also said to have believed in the existence of the Philosopher’s Stone and to have accepted some alchemical explanations. It has even been suggested, rather obscurely, that he saw alchemy as connecting the material world with the spiritual world. (Principe, 1994). In his published work he clearly accepts the possibility of the transmutation of metals but that is because a corpuscular explanation would be readily available. He respects the alchemists’ experimental work because he strongly approves of the experimental investigation of the natural world and he thinks that the ‘nobler’ of the alchemists have made important empirical discoveries. His published comments on their theories, their search for the Philosopher’s Stone, and their penchant for secrecy are usually critical.

Tesco Case Study

Tesco’s main activities: -Retailing -Financial services It’s a major global retailer 1) Retail activity 5 store formats: * Tesco extra * Tesco superstore * Tesco metro * Tesco express * One stop Non-food ventures: -Tesco Homeplus – Dobbies Since 2005, they have opened a member of non-food outlets: Tesco Homeplus, Dobbies( garden centres) 2) Banking activity Tesco Bank A will to extend their involvement in the financial services Service: credit cards/ loans/ mortgages/ saving accounts/ insurance It’s run separately from the rest of the businessIt was a 50/50 joint venture with RBS( Royal Bank of Scotland) But the 28 of July 2008, Tesco bought out the shares of RBS . Internet: tesco. com .Telecom: Tesco mobile, it’s a joint venture with O2 The scale of its operation: 1994: First move into Central Europe 1998: First move into South East Asia 2007: First move in California 2008: First wholly owned Tesco opened in Guangzhou, China China/ Czech Republic/ Hungry/ Republic of Ireland/ Japan/ Malaysia/ Poland/ Slovakia/ South Korea/ Thailand/ Turkey/ Uk/ US They entered the US grocery market in 2007 Through the opening of a new chain: Fresh & EasyOver the past 10 years, the profits per year have constantly increased Tesco’s business strategy: â€Å"At the core of Tesco’s business model is a focus on trying to improve what we do for customers† .To create value for customers: In such way that â€Å"if the business is performing well in the eyes of the customers, then it will also be performing well for other stakeholders† Strategy in the UK: Growth is sought through expansion into markets such as financial services, non-food and telecom Strategy outside the UK: Growth is sought by entry into locations, most recently China, India and in the USTargets are defined under: Five prospective of the steering wheel -community -operations -people -finance -customer To increase the customer loyalty is the single most imp ortant driver of long term financial performance Tesco’s corporate culture: â€Å"Customer is king† . a customer centric company . a customer focused company Maintaining a global staff retention The average longevity within the Tesco management is around 14 years e. g. : the CEO Sir Terence Leahy joined Tesco in 1979 after graduation It’s one of the KPI ( Key Performance Indicator) â€Å"everyone feel accountable for the company’s success†Every little helps A relatively flat grade structure Five levels Whereas 470,000 employees e. g. : top grade 200 people The company’s values: .We treat people how we like to be treated * work as a team * trust and respect each other * listen, support and say thank you * share knowledge and experience No on tries harder for customers * understand customers * be first to meet their needs * act responsibly for our communities Tesco has a rather unique approach of risk management * diversification both geograph ically and in areas * risk devolvement at thedepartment level * absence of overall risk management

Nano Technology in Civil Engineering Essay

Nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas that encompass a number of disciplines including civil engineering and construction materials. Nano construction; Traditionally, nanotechnology has been concerned with developments in the fields of microelectronics, medicine and materials sciences. However, the potential for application of many of the developments in the nanotechnology field in the area of construction engineering is growing. In this paper a broad overview of the potential application of various nanotechnology developments in the construction engineering field is discussed, and the potential for further basic research that may lead to improved systems is evaluated. Nonotechnology; Nanotechnology is a field that is dominated by developments in basic physics and chemistry research, where phenomena on atomic and molecular level are used to provide materials and structures that perform tasks that are not possible using the materials in their typical macroscopic form. The  evolution of technology and instrumentation as well as its related scientific areas such as physics and chemistry are making the research on nanotechnology aggressive and evolutional. Not surprisingly, it is observed that expenditure on nanotechnology research is significant. However, the research is mainly moving forward motivated by immediate profitable return generated by high value commercial products . It has been established by study, nanotechnology in construction ranked 8 of 10 applications that most likely have impact in the developing world. Nanotechnology covers the design, construction and utilization of functional structures with at least one characteristic dimension measured in nanometers. The field of nanotechnology has developed in major leaps during the past 10 years. These developments were mainly driven by factors such as dedicated initiatives in the field (e.g. the National Nanotechnology Initiative) , APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION: Nanotechnology can be used for design and construction processes in many areas since nanotechnology generated products have many unique characteristics. These include products that are for: Lighter structure; Stronger structural composites e.g. for bridges etc ; Low maintenance coating ; Improving pipe joining materials and techniques ; Better properties of cementitious materials ; Reducing the thermal transfer rate of fire retardant and insulation ; Increasing the sound absorption of acoustic absorber ; Increasing the reflectivity of glass. There are large numbers of applications of nanotechnology in construction engineering/industry. Some of these applications are examined in detail below.   Concrete: Concrete is one of the most common and widely used construction materials. The rapid development of new experimental techniques makes it possible to study the properties of cementitious materials at micro/nano-scale. Research has been conducted to study the hydration process, alkali-silicate reaction (ASR), and fly ash reactivity using nanotechnology. The better understanding  of the structure and behavior of concrete at micro/nano-scale could help to improve concrete properties and prevent the illness, such as ASR. Addition of nanoscale materials into cement could improve its performance. In , Li (2004) found that nano-SiO2 could significantly increase the compressive for concrete, containing large volume fly ash, at early age and improve pore size distribution by filling the pores between large fly ash and cement particles at nanoscale. The dispersion/slurry of amorphous nanosilica is used to improve segregation resistance for self-compacting concrete. It has also been reported that adding small amount of carbon nanotube (1%) by weight could increase both compressive and flexural strength . Cracking is a major concern for many structures. When the microcapsules are broken by a crack, the healing agent is released into the crack and contact with the catalyst. The polymerization happens and bond the crack faces. The selfhealing polymer could be especially applicable to fix the microcracking in bridge piers and columns. But it requires costly epoxy injection. Structural Composites Steel is a major construction material. Its properties, such as strength, corrosion resistance, and weld ability, are very important for the design and construction. FHWA together with American Iron and Steel Institute and the U.S. Navy started to develop new, low carbon, high-performance steel (HPS) for bridges in 1992. Nano with concrete; The new steel was developed with higher corrosion-resistance and weld ability by incorporating copper nanoparticles from at the steel grain boundaries. Sandvik NanoflexTM is new stainless steel with ultra-high strength, good formability, and a good surface finish developed by Sandvik Nanoflex Materials Technology. Due to its high performance, Sandvik NanoflexTM is suitable for application which requires lightweight and rigid designs. Its good corrosion and wear resistance can keep life-cycle costs low. Attractive or wear resistant surfaces can be achieved by various treatments (Sandvik Nanoflex Materials Technology). MMFX2 is nanostructure-modified steel, produced by MMFX Steel Corp. Wireless sensors based on nanotechnology are used to alert engineers; Compared with the conventional steel, it has a fundamentally different microstructure- alaminated lath structure resembling â€Å"plywood†. This unique structure provides MMFX2 steel with amazing strength (three times stronger), ductility, toughness, and corrosion resistance. Due to high cost, the stainless steel reinforcement in concrete structure is limited in high risk environments. The MMFX2 steel could be an alternative because it has the similar corrosion resistance to that of stainless steel, but at a much lower cost (MMFX Steel Corp.). Nano coatings; Coating: The coatings incorporating certain nanoparticles or nanolayers have been developed for certain purpose. It is one of the major applications of nanotechnology in construction. For example, TiO2 is used to coat glazing because of its sterilizing and anti fouling properties. The TiO2 will break down and disintegrate organic dirt through powerful catalytic reaction . Furthermore, it is hydrophilic, which allow the water to spread evenly over the surface and wash away dirt previously broken down. Other special coatings also have been developed, such as anti-fraffiti, thermal control, energy sawing, and anti-reflection coating. Nanosensors: Nano and microelectrical mechanical systems (MEMS) sensors have been developed and used in construction to monitor and/or control the environment condition and the materials/structure performance. One advantage of these sensors is their dimension (10-9m to 10-5m). Nano sensors; These sensors could be embedded into the structure during the construction process. Smart aggregate, a low cost Piezoceramic-based multi-functional device has been applied to monitor early age concrete properties such as moisture, temperature, relative humidity and early age strength development. The sensors can also be used to monitor concrete corrosion and cracking. The smart aggregate can also be used for structure health monitoring. The disclosed system can monitor internal stresses, cracks and other physical  forces in the structures during the structures’ life. It is capable of providing an early indication of the health of the structure before a failure of the structure can occur. FUTURE CHALLENGE AND DIRECTION: As with most developing technologies, a major number of challenges exist during the initiation of the application of the technology into reality. It is important to be realistic and identify and plan for the limitations and challenges inherent in this process. In this section a short summary of selected challenges and limitations affecting application of nanotechnology in construction engineering are provided. The following main challenges and limitations can be defined: Fabrication, Health, Environment and Cost: Fabrication: Current efforts in the field of nanotechnology are focused on the fabrication, characterization and use of these materials on a nanoscale domain. This leads to most of the development work focusing on very small quantities of material that is typically far removed from the type of quantities required for typical construction infrastructure. One of the potential solutions to this is to focus on the nano materials to act as catalyser, thereby reducing the amount of nano material required substantially. Another viewpoint is that for many applications, the material does not necessarily have to be used on a nano scale to obtain a major improvement in benefits. This would be the case with reduction of the dimensions of cement, where a substantial improvement in strength can already be obtained through the large scale milling of the cement to a finer form than the traditional form. Although the cement may not be purely a nano material as yet, the benefits obtained would already be substantial. Nano in roads; Health: Nanotechnology based construction products might be harmful to health. For example, the nanotubes [14] might cause a lung problem to construction workers. In other words, it creates an environmental challenge to the construction industry as well. Environment: The effect of various nonmaterials’ on the natural environment is hotly debated in nanotechnology and environmental research. Various ongoing investigations focus on the uncertainty regarding the potential effects of materials that exist on the nanoscale with properties that are different than when using the material on a micro or macro scale. Some work in this regard shows that the potential effects may be minimal. As constructed infrastructure are provided in the natural environment, all materials used in the construction and maintenance of these facilities need to be compatible to the natural environment and their effects on the natural environment should not be negative. Typical potential problems in this regard include leaching of materials into groundwater, release of materials into airways through the generation of dust and exposure to potentially harmful materials during construction and maintenance operations. The nanotechnology becomes a double-edge sword to the construction industry. More research and practice efforts are needed with smart design and planning, construction projects can be made sustainable and therefore save energy, reduce resource usage, and avoid damages to environment. Cost The costs of most nanotechnology materials and equipment are relatively high. This is due to the novelty of the technology and the complexity of the equipment used for preparation and characterization of the materials Nano Technology in Transportation Engineering However, costs have been shown to decrease over time and the expectations are that, as manufacturing technologies improve, these costs may further decrease. Whether the expected decreases will render the materials as run-of-the-mill construction engineering materials will have to be seen, and depends largely on the benefits rendered through the application of these materials. Current opinion is that in special cases, the materials will enable unique solutions to complicated problems that cause them to be cost effective, which will lead to large-scale application of these specific technologies. In other cases the traditional methods for treating the problem may still remain the most cost effective. It is the challenge to the  construction engineer to solve real world transportation infrastructure problems and provide a facility to the general public at a reasonable cost. CONCLUSIONS †¢Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding area of research where novel properties of materials manufactured on the nanoscale can be utilized for the benefit of construction infrastructure †¢A number of promising developments exist that can potentially change the service life and life-cycle cost of construction infrastructure. : †¢Focused research into the timeous and directed research into nanotechnology for construction infrastructure should be pursued to ensure that the potential benefits of this technology can be obtained to provide longer life and more economical transport infrastructure REFERENCES: www.asme.org/nanowebcast www.aggregateresearch.com www.nanoforum.org www.gogle.com

Council Regulation

A grouping so formed shall, from the date of its registration as provided for in Article 6, have the capacity, in its own name, to have rights and obligations of all inds, to make contracts or accomplish other legal acts, and to sue and be sued. Article 3 1 . The purpose of a grouping shall be to facilitate or develop the economic activities of its members and to improve or increase the results of those activities; its purpose is not to make profits for itself. Its activity shall be related to the economic activities of its members and must not be more than ancillary to those activities. 2.Consequently, a grouping may not: (a) exercise, directly or indirectly, a power of management or supervision over its embers' own activities or over the activities of another undertaking, in particular in the fields of personnel, finance and investment; (b) directly or indirectly, on any basis whatsoever, hold shares of any kind in a member undertaking; the holding of shares in another undertaking shall be possible only in so far as it is necessary for the achievement of the grouping's objects and if it is done on its members' behalf; (c) employ more than 500 persons; (d) be used by a company to make a loan to a director of a company, or any person connected with him, when the making of such loans is restricted or controlled under he Member States' laws governing companies. Nor must a grouping be used for the transfer of any property between a company and a director, or any person connected with him, except to the extent allowed by the Member States' laws governing companies. For the purposes of this provision the making of a loan includes entering into any transaction or arrangement of similar effect, and property includes moveable and immoveable property; (e) be a member of another European Economic Interest Grouping. Article 4 1 .Only the following may be members of a grouping: a) companies or firms within the meaning of the second paragraph of Article 58 of the Treaty and other legal bodies governed by public or private law, which nave been formed in accordance with the law of a Member State and which have their registered or statutory office and central adminsitration in the Community; where, under the law of a Member State, a company, firm or other legal body is not obliged to have a registered or statutory office, it shall be sufficient for such a company, firm or other legal body to have its central administration in the Community; b) natural persons who carry on any industrial, commercial, craft or agricultural activity or who provide professional or other services in the Community. 2.A grouping must comprise at least: (a) two companies, firms or other legal bodies, within the meaning of paragraph 1, which have their central administrations in different Member States, or (b) two natural persons, within the meaning of paragraph 1, who carry on their principal activities in different Member States, or (c) a company, firm or other legal body withi n the meaning of paragraph 1 and a atural person, of which the first has its central administration in one Member State and the second carries on his principal activity in another Member State. Article 5 A contract for the formation of a grouping shall include at least: (a) the name of the grouping preceded or followed either by the words ‘European Economic Interest Grouping' or by the initials ‘EEIG', unless those words or initials already form part of the name; (b) the official address of the grouping; (c) the objects for which the grouping is formed; (d) the name, business name, legal form, permanent address or registered office, and he number and place of registration, if any, of each member of the grouping; (e) the duration of the grouping, except where this is indefinite.Article 6 A grouping shall be registered in the State in which it has its official address, at the registry designated pursuant to Article 39 (1). Article 12 The official address referred to in the contract for the formation of a grouping must be situated in the Community. The official address must be fixed either: (a) where the grouping has its central administration, or (b) where one of the members of the grouping has its central administration or, in he case of a natural person, his principal activity, provided that the grouping carries on an activity there. Article 13 The official address of a grouping may be transferred within the Community.When such a transfer does not result in a change in the law applicable pursuant to Article 2, the decision to transfer shall be taken in accordance with the conditions laid down in the contract for the formation of the grouping. 1 . The organs of a grouping shall be the members acting collectively and the manager or managers. A contract for the formation of a grouping may provide for other organs; if it does it hall determine their powers. 2. The members of a grouping, acting as a body, may take any decision for the purpose of achievi ng the objects of the grouping. Article 17 1. Each member shall have one vote. The contract for the formation of a grouping may, however, give more than one vote to certain members, provided that no one member holds a majority of the votes. 2.A unanimous decision by the members shall be required to: (a) alter the objects of a grouping; (b) alter the number of votes allotted to each member; (c) alter the conditions for the taking of decisions; Article 18 Each member shall be entitled to obtain information from the manager or managers concerning the grouping's business and to inspect the grouping's books and business records. Article 19 1. A grouping shall be managed by one or more natural persons appointed in the contract for the formation of the grouping or by decision of the members. Article 21 1 . The profits resulting from a grouping's activities shall be deemed to be the profits of the members and shall be apportioned among them in the proportions laid down in the contract for t he formation of the grouping or, in the absence of any such rovision, in equal shares. 2.The members of a grouping shall contribute to the payment of the amount by which expenditure exceeds income in the proportions laid down in the contract for the formation of the grouping or, in the absence of any such provision, in equal shares. Article 22 1 . Any member of a grouping may assign his participation in the grouping, or a proportion thereof, either to another member or to a third party; the assignment shall not take effect without the unanimous authorization of the other members. Article 23 No grouping may invite investment by the public. Article 24 1. The members of a grouping shall have unlimited Joint and several liability for its debts and other liabilities of whatever nature.National law shall determine the consequences of such liablity. 2. Creditors may not proceed against a member for payment in respect of debts and other liabilities, in accordance with the conditions laid do wn in paragraph 1, before the liquidation of a grouping is concluded, unless they have first requested the grouping to pay and payment has not been made within an appropriate period. Council Regulation ( 5 July Article 27 1 . A member of a grouping may withdraw in accordance with the conditions laid down in the contract for the formation of a grouping or, in the absence of such conditions, with the unanimous agreement of the other members. Article 37 1 .A period of limitation of five years after the publication, pursuant to Article 8, of notice of a member's ceasing to belong to a grouping shall be substituted for any longer period which may be laid down by the relevant national law for actions against that member in connection with debts and other liabilities arising out of the grouping's activities before he ceased to be a member. . A period of limitation of five years after the publication, pursuant to Article 8, of notice of the conclusion of the liquidation of a grouping shall be substituted for any against a member of the grouping in connection with debts and other liabilities arising out of the grouping's activities.Article 40 The profits or losses resulting from the activities of a grouping shall be taxable only in the hands of its members. Article 42 1. Upon the adoption of this Regulation, a Contact Committee shall be set up under the auspices of the Commission. Its function shall be: a) to facilitate, without prejudice to Articles 169 and 170 of the Treaty, application of this Regulation through regular consultation dealing in particular with practical problems arising in connection with its application; (b) to advise the Commission, if necessary, on additions or amendments to this Regulation. 2. The Contact Committee shall be composed of representatives of the Member States and representatives of the Commission. The chairman shall be a representative of the Commission.

A View from the Bridge: the Opening Scene Essay

The opening scene of Act Two marks the dramatic turning point of the play. In this scene, Catherine confronts Rodolfo over Eddie’s allegation that Rodolfo only wants to marry Catherine to be an American. However it is soon revealed that Rodolfo truly loves her. The two characters sleep together for the first time, a fact that Eddie finds out when he returns home drunk, which results in a devastating confrontation between the central characters. The seriousness and the intense emotions displayed in this scene, plus Arthur Miller’s use of dramatic devices, make this scene very dramatically effective. It is a turning point in the play because it is the first time Catherine and Rodolfo sleep together, symbolising Catherine’s transformation from a â€Å"little girl† to a grown woman; and Catherine’s ties with Eddie have finally cut as she chooses Rodolfo over Eddie. In this scene, Eddie also confronts his feelings towards Catherine as he kisses her in a fit of rage, passion and desire. This scene opens up with Alfieri’s narration. He tells the audience that Catherine and Rodolfo are â€Å"alone† in the apartment for the first time. The fact that they are alone suggests something is going to happen and sets the scene and create tension because the two characters are alone in a cramped flat without anyone to interfere and no other witnesses except the audience. The cramped apartment is dramatic device which is more obvious on stage ? the dining room is the focus of the actions, the small, claustrophobic space increases tension between the characters. The character of Alfieri serves two functions. In the play, Alfieri is the narrator, who tells the audience the story of Eddie Carbone in flashbacks, and therefore constantly reminds the readers of the tragedy that is yet to come. However he also acts as an actual character in the play ? the role of the wise lawyer, whom Eddie seeks advice from. A narrator is a typical dramatic device used often in plays, dating back to Greek tragedy, which is the style this play is written in. Catherine asks Rodolfo is he is hungry, instead he replies â€Å"not for anything to eat†. This suggests Rodolfo’s desire for Catherine and further emphasis what might happen now they are alone together. This makes the audience wonder and curious, about Rodolfo and Catherine, and also about Eddie’s reaction when he finds out. Catherine starts to ask Rodolfo a series of questions about the options of the two of them living in Italy. At first Rodolfo thinks Catherine is joking as he is smiling, as he does not know the real question Catherine is asking him. However, we as the audience understand she is testing him to see if he only wants to marry her to be an American. This is an example of dramatic irony which Miller uses to create tension and suspense as the audience wonder how Rodolfo is going to react and whether he will figure out Catherine’s true intention. We are also kept in suspense as we wait to see if Rodolfo really loves Catherine. As Rodolfo realises Catherine’s seriousness, stage directions describes that his smile â€Å"vanishes† and he is â€Å"astonished† at Catherine’s request and he walks to her â€Å"slowly†. From here, it is clear that Rodolfo recognizes something is wrong and the tension is heightened as his previous joking mood has gone and is moving onto a more unpleasant topic. Rodolfo tries to persuade Catherine by commenting Italy as having â€Å"no money†, â€Å"no business † and â€Å"nothing† and though Italy is beautiful, â€Å"you can’t cook the view†. This quote shows Rodolfo’s maturity and his understanding of reality and that he is not blinded by a mere pretty surface. As Catherine continues to pursue the idea of living in Italy, Rodolfo becomes increasingly frustrated: â€Å"There’s nothing! Nothing, nothing, nothing. † We see the characters are more emotionally charged as the argument continues; Rodolfo becomes more angry and irritable as the tension builds up, and the audience tense up as the calmer atmosphere is now disturbed by something more exciting. Finally, Catherine confesses she is â€Å"afraid of Eddie† here. This is the first time she admits her fear of Eddie and his actions to the audience, which marks another turning point of the play ? she no longer sees Eddie as a non-threatening, kind man she thought he is. There is a slight pause after Catherine’s admission. This creates tension and allows time for Catherine’s confession and is a hint to the impending tragedy sink in. However, even after this, Catherine persists with her questioning, which eventually leads to Rodolfo’s realisation: â€Å"This is your question or his question? † Therefore the penny drops as the truth comes out. From this point on, the characters confront their true feelings and give the audience further insight into the characters’ inner emotions. This quote also shows that Rodolfo is not the naive, innocent boy portrayed and seen by other earlier in the play? He is quite witty and intelligent and knows when something is going on. Rodolfo is â€Å"furious† at Eddie’s accusation of him and explains that the only reason he wants to â€Å"be an American so I can work†. This shows Rodolfo is realistic and is not just an impressionable, young, starry-eyed boy who loves America so much. This corresponds with earlier in the play with his â€Å"you can’t cook the view† speech. From here, we see another more mature, responsible side of him. This also touches on the theme of family and responsibility?  two of the things that are significant in the Italian traditions. These are shown through the way Rodolfo says that he cannot bring Catherine from a rich country to a poor one; otherwise he would be a â€Å"criminal† â€Å"stealing† her face when he cannot afford enough food for her as he would be responsible for her well-being. Catherine is â€Å"near tears† and Rodolfo is â€Å"furious† as the argument progresses. This makes the scene more dramatic as we see the characters’ emotions are displayed so raw and vividly in this scene, as indicated in the stage directions. Catherine describes Eddie as â€Å"mad all the time and nasty†, which contrasts with her earlier comments of â€Å"the sweetest guy† and â€Å"good†. This reveals that Catherine loves Eddie very much but at the same time is afraid of him as she admits herself. This paradox illustrates Catherine’s emotional turmoil and complex feelings. It also suggests that she too, knows something is wrong with Eddie’s over-the-top rage and fury about the idea of her and Rodolfo together, further emphasised by Rodolfo’s suggestion that Eddie will â€Å"spank† Catherine if she disobeys him ? that there is something dark and primal in Eddie’s feelings for Catherine. Catherine denies she is a naive â€Å"baby† like everyone thinks, which reminds us that Catherine is caught in the crossfire and has to do what everyone else’s expectation of her. However, she continues to defend Eddie as she criticises Beatrice of not being a good wife and woman to Eddie, unlike the way she can because she can â€Å"tell† and â€Å"know† what Eddie wants and needs. This almost peculiar comment deepens the audiences’ sense of unease as we suspect that something inappropriate is going on between Eddie and Catherine and that Eddie’s feeling may possibly be reciprocated. Rodolfo does not seem to realise this as he persuades Catherine to leave Eddie. Catherine then tries to change the topic and instead tells Rodolfo to â€Å"hold† and â€Å"teach† her. This shows Catherine is inexperienced. However alternatively, it can mean that she is manipulative ? when the conversation is not turning out the way she wants to, she cunningly changes the topic using her sexuality. This contrasts with the previous impression the audience have of her and suggests that she is not the saint that we think she is. She cries â€Å"softly† as Rodolfo gently leads her to the bedroom ? thus completes Catherine’s transformation from a â€Å"little girl† to a woman. It signifies Catherine’s choice of Rodolfo over Eddie as she loses her virginity to Rodolfo ? something she can never claim back, parallel to the fact she can not go back to Eddie anymore. Her ties have finally been cut. This significant event also means tragedy is inevitable as the audience know all hell will break loose when Eddie finds out. There is a little pause between the part when Rodolfo leads Catherine to the  bedroom and Eddie’s confrontation with them. During this part, no speech is spoken; it only shows Eddie’s return. This gives the audience some breathing space as tension slows down a little and to give time for the audience to prepare for the revelation Eddie is about to find out. Eddie returns home â€Å"drunk†, which creates tension as the audience anticipate trouble, and the fact that he is drunken means his behaviour would be even more aggressive and unpredictable and then making his confrontation with Rodolfo and Catherine more dramatic. Eddie sees Catherine first; the situation appears to be calm, though awkward and uneasy because the audience know that a huge thing has just happened and the calmness is just the calmness before the storm and we wait anxiously for the dreadful truth to dawn on Eddie. According to the stage direction, Rodolfo comes out of the bedroom second. Eddie sees him and his arm â€Å"jerks slightly in shock†. Rodolfo nods to him â€Å"testingly†. Eddie jerks his arm in shock implies he realises what has happened. He is in astonishment and disbelief. Rodolfo reminds the audience that Beatrice is out, which means there is no one to act as the peace-maker?  there are only three of them alone in the small, claustrophobic apartment where the atmosphere is tense and uncomfortable. There is a pause as Eddie let the revelation to sink in. the pause creates suspense as the audience wait for his catastrophic reaction. Instead, however, Eddie just tells Rodolfo to â€Å"get outa here†. A simple, short command without any explanation or discussion. This amplify the uneasiness in the atmosphere as his reaction seems strangely still to the awful knowledge he just learned, the audience are surprised by this and wonder what will happen next. Eddie grabs her arm as Catherine starts to go. This is the start and a hint to the conflict that is yet to come. Catherine starts to go. Catherine is â€Å"trembling with fright†, shows that she is really scared. She â€Å"frees her arm†, suggests that she is standing up to Eddie finally. She speaks in short sentences, creating a fast pace and urgency atmosphere Eddie tries to regain the control of the situation by commanding Catherine: â€Å"You ain’t going anywheres. â€Å" He desperately tries to make Catherine stay by use the last bit of his power to control her. When Catherine disobeys, he â€Å"draws her to him† and â€Å"kisses her on the mouth† as Eddie finally confronts his desire and feeling for Catherine. The kiss suggests there is something of a sexual desire in Eddie’s feelings, not just the simple possessiveness some fathers have of their daughters. Eddie asks Rodolfo what he is â€Å"gonna be†, thus challenging him, with Catherine as the winner’s price. Rodolfo squares up to Eddie and accept the challenge â€Å"with tears of rage†, suggesting his ego has been bruised badly. He â€Å"flies at him in attack†, which shows Rodolfo’s extreme rage at the fact Eddie has just kissed Catherine and his challenge of his manliness. However, Eddie humiliates him further as he â€Å"pins his arms, laughing, and suddenly kisses him†. This kiss is very sudden and unpredicted, so it is very shocking for the audience and we are incredulous at Eddie’s actions. This kiss is a very extreme action and we slowly realise that it is used to humiliate Rodolfo, questioning his manliness and an attempt Eddie makes to confirm his suspicion of Rodolfo’s sexuality. Catherine â€Å"tears â€Å"at Eddie’s face, while Eddie stands there with â€Å"tears rolling†. This is the point where Eddie realises he has lost and this is the point where he realises Catherine is gone from him. The audience sympathises with him because we know he truly loves Catherine and he has just lost everything he holds dear. However, he still tries to gain the control of the situation and he and Rodolfo are almost frozen with anger: â€Å"They are like animals that have torn at one another and broken up without a decision, each other waiting for other’s mood† This description compare Rodolfo and Eddie as â€Å"animals†, suggest something dark, terrifying and primal in the situation, which makes the audience feel uneasy and uncomfortable. When Eddie breaks the silence, he tells Rodolfo to get out and tells him to â€Å"watch your step, submarine. † â€Å"Submarine† is slang for an illegal immigrant. This is a warning to Rodolfo and a hint to what is going to happen. From this point on, it is clear to the audience that tragedy is inevitable because it seems that Eddie will go as far as to betray his family and report the brothers to the Immigration Bureau. We also know that if Eddie does do that, the consequence will be devastating, as foreshadowed by the Vinny Bolzano story from the very earlier on of the play. Eddie ends this act with a dreadful warning, which create suspense as to what he is going to do and grabs the audience’s attention as we wait to see his next actions even though we already suspect what he is going to do. In conclusion, the opening scene of Act Two is one of the most important and dramatic points of the play. Throughout the first act, Arthur Miller tells us of Rodolfo and Marco’s arrival and sets up the steps leading to the play’s climax ending. In Act One, the audience see the growth of Eddie’s paranoia and jealousy, slowly accumulating to his final outburst. The incident in this scene: Rodolfo and Catherine sleeping together is the final push that sends Eddie over the edge and promote him to report the cousin to the Immigration Bureau. It is in this scene Eddie’s patience runs out and in this scene he realises he has lost Catherine to Rodolfo. He confronts his feelings by kissing Catherine and humiliates Rodolfo with the shocking kiss. This scene is full of emotions which are displayed vividly to the audience through the characters’ actions and speech. The emotions grab the audience attention because we care about the characters and curious about what is going to happen.

Code-Switching and linking the margins

Imagine for a second that all the Anglo-Saxon world’s literary characters were lined up one by one chronologically. We start off with Chaucer’s characters and move our way up to Wilde’s dandies, and then up to Marlow who is framed in the background by a few tribesmen in the Congo, and then suddenly we have Mr. Biswas.For the most part Colonialist literature has contained Caucasian characters as their center with the inclusion of some distant races as support.The subjects of colonialism were barred entry to the privileged world of Colonial literature by their inability to conform to Colonialist’s cultural practices; their expression of culture both in language and custom did not meet with the stringent and racist codes required for literature. V.S. Naipaul, who was originally consigned to the category of â€Å"commonwealth writer,† by the British press, has managed to place the subjects of Anglo-Saxon’s colonialism, into the same canon with th eir oppressors. Marlow, muddling his way up the river, now sits adjacent to Mr. Biswas who curses in his Creole English struggling to pay off debt.Unlike Mr. Biswas, Naipaul’s own writing is often steeped in the vernacular of his Oxford education, but he faithfully records the breaches with colonial grammatical rules through extensive code-switching making low-caste Indian Christian converts into literary forms as accessible as the characters found in other canonical Western literary texts.Naipaul’s use of â€Å"variable orthography to make dialect more accessible,†(Empire 41) in code-switching takes people marginalized by colonialism’s hegemonic processes and renders them in the center as literary subjects. This process frees the voices of Naipaul’s novel which have been silenced by colonial insistence on proper grammar in communication and the reality of their remoteness geographically. For instance, The novel’s protagonist, Mr. Biswas, co mmunicates in an English that often enunciates verbs as the beginnings of sentences such as when he says, â€Å"†Feel how the car sitting nice on the road?Feel it, Anand? Savi?† (Naipaul 278) or â€Å"Is the sort of place you could build up.† (Naipaul 138). Not exactly the language of Shakespeare, but Mr. Biswas is a literary character enfolded in Naipaul’s own inventive and colonialist language. By draping Biswas in grammatically perfect sentences, Naipaul has managed to break class bearers refuting the position of colonialist characters as seconds as they are in Conrad, but still maintaining a narrative voice that bridges the gap between subject and ruler.Mr. Biswas doesn’t speak in the language of fine literature, but his speaking, â€Å"refutes the privileged position of a standard code in the language.†(Empire 40). Biswas is expressing himself in a Creole that prefers the verbal placements of Bengali, he is refusing to adopt the thought processes included in proper English grammar.Naipaul’s use of code-switching allows Mr. Biswas’ expressions to be placed in canonical literature and by extensions it sheds light on cultural otherness, Mr. Biswas does not think in the proper forms of colonial English, he still spews out thoughts like a proper Brahmin only using English as his form.Biswas’ sayings reveal a cultural otherness that English can’t express, thinking in terms of verbs first or his constant negation of articles such as â€Å"a† and â€Å"the,† are all indicators of the culture that lies beneath his speech, but which English cannot bring to light.

Analysis Paper Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis Paper - Article Example In addition, the author also touches on other issues such as neoliberalism and globalization, which will help her to build up her article effectively. In addition, in the introduction she briefs the reader on the entire alignment of the article and the issues that will be discussed thereafter. This is a way of giving the reader morale to read the whole article. In addition, it also is a way of making a person have an idea of the whole article even before reading it wholly. The author also brings to the reader’s attention the different ideas about the topic that will be compared and analyzed in the article. This way, she avoids unnecessary mix up of the reader. Argument The author mainly gives her own opinions about the whole topic by analyzing the whole issue from different readings. This can also be seen from the fact that she uses the first person since she is mainly giving her own view about the whole issue. For instance, she states that â€Å"In this paper, I argue that r acial inequalities †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The use of the first person in this case is majorly to show that the author is trying to give her own idea about the whole issue alongside other ideas that have been given previously. In addition, she challenges the views given by other different works written about closely related issues. For instance, when she says, â€Å"In contrast to epiphenomenal approaches, I suggest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  it is to show that in the article, she challenges other works while building up on hers (Merrill, 1543). The author has also clearly stated that to date, there has been no other author engaging with the same issue as her in the whole of Italy. Therefore, in her opinion the topic has not been studied enough to enlighten the Italian society. Structure of the Paper In giving her argument, the author begins by introducing the reader to the overall issue of immigration in Italy. This gives the reader an overview of the issue that she will be tackling. The next section i n the article is the conceptual approach of racial discrimination of immigrants from Africa. At this point, she brings in the issue neoliberalism globalization (Merrill, 1544). She then explains how this affected the subject of immigration and how it changed it. It is also in this section that she examines how individuals have not noticed that neoliberalism affects immigration. In the next section, the author discusses about the overall issue of demographic patterns in Italy. She then outlines the characteristics of migration in the country and gives the way in which the two issues (demographic patters and migration) affect each other. She then examines how Italian workers have been racially discriminated in their own country. Further, on the same subject, she studies the production and output of outsiders in relation to the migration controls that have been set up (Merrill, 1545). The structure of the author’s work has been arranged in such a way that she clearly addresses a ll the issues independently without confounding the reader. Therefore, slowly, by connecting the different sections of the document, she comes up with her final article. Finally, she analyzes the overall problem of race in conjunction with trade unions in Italy. She clearly examines the way in which trade unions have failed to realize that workers are getting intimidated by the issue of racial discrim