Friday, May 31, 2019

Against Animal Testing Essay -- essays research papers

Im definitely against living creature testing because it is cruel It is morally profligate to torment animals for our own benefits. These animals, who whoremasternot defend themselves against abuse, are legally imprisoned and exploited. every single day a human being talks about his or her rights. If they feel their rights have been taken away from them then they will fight back back. It?s hypercritical for humans to torment and kill, innocent and unprotected animals if they talk about their own rights. Animals should receive the similar rights as humans. Over 115 one thousand thousand animals have been tormented daily for scientific research. People seem to find this acceptable but if the same number of humans were to die at the same time, it actually be considered a tragedy. I would be considered immorally wrong and I would be called a psycho killer, and would be sent to jail. How come scientists can do this every day and no one thinks twice about it. These scientist wouldn?t b e called a psycho killer because if they do manage to nominate something beneficial from the torture of these helpless animals, then they will be known as heroes. We need to put an end to this crueltyCan a animal hold a pen or pencil if they don?t have any thumbs? Ive never met an animal that can speak English or other types of languages, Its unfair to give tests to these poor animals Everyone should put themselves in the animal?s position, living in a locked room without control over anything of your life. You cant elect when and what you will eat, how you will spend your time, or even have anyone to talk to. You cant even decide when the lights go on and off. Think about how you would feel if you worn-out(a) your entire life like this, even though you haven?t committed a crime. Ev... ...d other animals, but killed 61 people and caused austere reactions. just about animal testing is not even needed but they do it anyway. There are over 500 companies that still test on animals. decorative companies perform more then half of all animal tests, such as Lolay, Cover Girl, Suave, and Johnson and Johnson. I am believe that today?s engine room testing products on animals is completely unnecessary. Animals do not need to be tested on for the development of new cosmetics or hair products.Animal produces inaccurate and dangerous results and its just a waste of time and resources. New test are just being ignored. Animals are just like us. They feel hurting and want to live just as much as we do. We are better than the other animals because we often say we are. The testing and experiments is to make our lives better, so it should be performed on us? Not other animals.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Beauty And The Beast :: essays research papers

Have you ever heard something go thump in the night? Do you believe in monsters? In the movies "Beauty and the Beast" and "E.T.", the monster like characters the captured the hearts of viewers of all ages. They both involve twain characters that atomic number 18 thrusted into lifestyles that they are not used to. The beast and E.T were both unique creatures, had close relationships with humans, and were great works of fiction.      In both stories, "Beauty and the Beast" and "E.T.", the primary(prenominal) characters are unique creatures are forced into a human society, which does not always accept them for who they are. Society, in general, is against both creatures school children tease and mock Elliot about his new extra-terrestrial friend, and the townsfolk in "Beauty and the Beast" attempt to kill the Beast for not being human. Nobody relates to either character, seeing as they are both freaks in their respective t ime periods and locations. Nobody accepts them as being different both characters are thrown out of society like a couple of lepers for not being like e actuallybody else. Also, they are both in unique situations, the Beast because he used to be a human, and was turned into an villainy beast by a magic spell, and E.T. was from another planet, and had no intention of ever coming to earth or meeting Elliot. Both characters are very unique in the society in which they were thrust, and neither whizz has anyone like him to go to or latch onto for understanding and support.     Both the Beast and E.T. found one person on earth who accepts them for who they are. Although the Beast captures Belle, she learns to love him and understand his situation she becomes his one true friend in a society which hates him for who what they think he is. Elliot discovered E.T. in his closet, and due to the fact he had no other real friends, naturally accepted the alien. From their ini tial meeting, E.T. and Elliot became the closest of friends in the film in fact Elliot was E.T.s only human friend. Other than those two humans, nobody else attempts to understand where either creature comes from, and as a result, no one befriends them.     In addition, both E.T. and the Beast come from great works of fiction, having no fact behind their stories but both being created for no purpose other than splendid entertainment.

Essay --

Introduction Arcor est une socit argentine fonde en 1951 par Fulvio Salvador Pagani Arroyito, Cordoba. La socit est dans lindustrie alimentaire, dans ses produits, nous pouvons trouver de la nourriture, biscuits, crmes glaces, bonbons et chocolat. Son objectif comme socit est dlaborer des produits de qualit accessibles tous les consommateurs dans tout le monde. Arcor est le necropsy producteur de bonbons dans le monde et la plus grande socit argentine avec le plus ouvert marchs, il y a des usines en Argentine, au Prou, au Mexique, au Brsil et au Chili, lexportation vers 120 pays tire les cinq continents. Aussi, Arcor fait son propre emballage et il est le premier producteur de cartons en Argentine. Ses revenus sont denviron 3,300 millions de dollars (C.A) et compte environ 20,000 employs.En 2005, Arcor fait un partenariat avec Danone, ils faisant la plus grande entreprise de biscuits et de crales en Amrique du Sud, Bagley Latinoamerica SA. En 2006, une alliance stratgique avec Bimbo au Mexique sprout la distribution de chocolats et de bonbons sur le Mexique et le reste du monde a t fait.Depuis 2004 Arcor dcid participer la RSE, et en 2009 ce model de la RSE passer un concept plus abarcative et complte de la durabilit et soutenabilit. Dans son plan de dveloppement durable Arcor a dfini cinq tapes ils respecter pour rendre leur entreprise, ils sont1.Utilisation rationnelle de leau.2.Lefficacit nergtique et la minimisation des impacts qui contribuent au changement climatique mondial.3.Utilisation rationnelle de lemballage.4.Une alimentation saine.5.Respect et la certificate des droits des travailleurs.Ajout cela, les actions groupe Arcor rend les actions plus humani... ...ccs dans toutes les rgions.En 2012 est effectue la production de crales, un march du monde en pleine croissance et hautement concurrentiel.FournisseursLa relation dArcor avec ses fournisseurs est une relation dans laquelle cherche un dveloppement durable et soutenu travers dune re lation yearn terme qui supportera ceux-ci tre intgr encore plus la chane de valeur dArcor. Arcor veut porter cette forte relation avec ses fournisseurs ses produits pour quelle les soit transmise ses consommateurs puisque son objectif est dobtenir lexcellence et la qualit en ses produits et les services.Le but dArcor avec ses fournisseurs dans leurs mots Nous avons besoin dArcor fournisseurs qui partagent la philosophie de lentreprise donc cherch tablir des relations de confiance long terme. Grce une gestion durable de la chane de valeur Essay -- Introduction Arcor est une socit argentine fonde en 1951 par Fulvio Salvador Pagani Arroyito, Cordoba. La socit est dans lindustrie alimentaire, dans ses produits, nous pouvons trouver de la nourriture, biscuits, crmes glaces, bonbons et chocolat. Son objectif comme socit est dlaborer des produits de qualit accessibles tous les consommateurs dans tout le monde. Arcor est le premier producteur de bonbons dans le monde et la plus grande socit argentine avec le plus ouvert marchs, il y a des usines en Argentine, au Prou, au Mexique, au Brsil et au Chili, lexportation vers 120 pays sur les cinq continents. Aussi, Arcor fait son propre emballage et il est le premier producteur de cartons en Argentine. Ses revenus sont denviron 3,300 millions de dollars (C.A) et compte environ 20,000 employs.En 2005, Arcor fait un partenariat avec Danone, ils faisant la plus grande entreprise de biscuits et de crales en Amrique du Sud, Bagley Latinoamerica SA. En 2006, une alliance stratgique avec Bimbo au Mexique pour la distribution de chocolats et de bonbons sur le Mexique et le reste du monde a t fait.Depuis 2004 Arcor dcid participer la RSE, et en 2009 ce concept de la RSE passer un concept plus abarcative et complte de la durabilit et soutenabilit. Dans son plan de dveloppement durable Arcor a dfini cinq tapes ils respecter pour rendre leur entreprise, ils sont1.Utilisation rationnelle de leau.2.Leff icacit nergtique et la minimisation des impacts qui contribuent au changement climatique mondial.3.Utilisation rationnelle de lemballage.4.Une alimentation saine.5.Respect et la protection des droits des travailleurs.Ajout cela, les actions groupe Arcor rend les actions plus humani... ...ccs dans toutes les rgions.En 2012 est effectue la production de crales, un march du monde en pleine croissance et hautement concurrentiel.FournisseursLa relation dArcor avec ses fournisseurs est une relation dans laquelle cherche un dveloppement durable et soutenu travers dune relation long terme qui supportera ceux-ci tre intgr encore plus la chane de valeur dArcor. Arcor veut porter cette forte relation avec ses fournisseurs ses produits pour quelle les soit transmise ses consommateurs puisque son objectif est dobtenir lexcellence et la qualit en ses produits et les services.Le but dArcor avec ses fournisseurs dans leurs mots Nous avons besoin dArcor fournisseurs qui partagent la philos ophie de lentreprise donc cherch tablir des relations de confiance long terme. Grce une gestion durable de la chane de valeur

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

The Effect of the Church in the World Essay -- Religion, Christians

There is significant debate about the effect of the church in the world. Did it real disrupt the existing social order? For many years Hans Conzelmanns thesis that Christians are docile subjects and trouble arises only when Jews rouse the populace with fake accusations against the church dominated scholarship. Later, Richard Cassidy (Political Issues in Luke-Acts) challenges this perspective by viewing Jesus as a nonviolent social dissident who was a potential insecurity to the Roman empire by paralleling Jesus effect on Rome with Gandhis effect on the British empire. Though Luke (in Acts) tends to depict Rome as fair and respectful in their treatment of Christians, and the apostles are certainly not seeking to foment rebellion against the empire, Hays also notes that the apostles and the Christian community do sometimes upset the cultural conventions which creates tension with the established social order. In fact Lukes vision for the transformative power of the church turn s the world upside pop not through armed revolution but through the formation of the church as a counterculture, an alternative witness-bearing community. Schnackenburg believes that the church saw themselves as the avowedly Israel of God and as legitimate heirs of the old people of the covenant. They preserved the Jewish way of aliveness, while confessing Jesus as Messiah, held to the teaching of the apostles, kept the Eucharist and common meals, and held worship services in private homes with common prayer. Though externally identifiable with Judaism, it was a separate community in faith and worship whose life was affected by these practices. Though there were controversies within the community, these are presented as being reso... ...dom. Hays sees Luke as portraying the early community fulfilling two ideals the Hellenic conception of friendship, and the Hebrew (Deuteronomic) ideal of covenant community. Aristotle argued that true friendship was an extension of regard f or self citing proverbs such as Friends have one soul between them and Friends goods are common property. Additionally (as mentioned above), Deuteronomy 15 outlines the blessings for Gods people who remain faithful to the covenant (Deut. 154-5, 7-8).Ultimately, Luke Johnson develops an idea that possessions function as symbols of answer to God and so the Jerusalem communitys response are sure signs of the presence of Gods Spirit in their midst and that they divided goods demonstrated Gods effectual grace. Once again, the movement of the Spirit is credited for the dynamic life and growth of the community.

Tasting Colors and Feeling Sounds :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Tasting Colors and Feeling Sounds Modes of Reality Each individual experiences reality in a diametrical way. manoeuvre ten people the same picture, and each will present a different description of the scene. We all live in the same world and moreover we all suck in different philosophies and ideas about reality and life. What do these differences tell us about objective reality? Do our moxies detect the same reality, or does each person see a different picture in her head? To some extent, this difference seems to hold true. What holds significance for me does not seem pregnant to other people. The reality I grasp is unique to me. For a small portion of people their sensory reality differs radically from the accepted norms of society (1). They cause from a r be condition, synaesthesia, which remains constant throughout their lives. Synaesthetes, instead of having their senses in concrete, separate blocks, blend different senses. Many merge their perceptions of words and number s with different colors. In stronger cases, people see colors and shapes floating in their visual field when they hear certain musical t iodines. In one extreme case, a man felt specific tactile sensations when he smelled different things. Even more radically, some scientists now say all humans may have undifferentiated senses in early stages of development. This paper will explore the understanding of synesthesia in terms of sensory development. The first of four sections will stimulate contemporary criteria for synesthesia and will evaluate its usefulness. From this foundation, the paper will explore the possible associative origins of their condition. It will then analyze the shared physical characteristics among synaesthetes, and the origins of synesthesia in infants. Finally, this paper will examine the neurological basis for synesthesia in adult synaesthetes. Definitions Synaesthetes experience cross-modal sensory associations involuntarily, such that the experience of one se nse stimulates the sensations of another (1). Cytowic defines five features of clinical synesthesia (1). First, people experience synesthetic phenomena involuntarily whenever presented with a certain stimulus. The experience is not a labored association, but one the subject has felt since birth. Also, an actively-induced synesthetic perception, rather than a passive experience, is not a genuine phenomenon. Synaesthetes project the sensation into peri-personal space they sense an actual physical quality outside of the self, not an internal sensation or aura. In addition, the triggered synesthetic perceptions remain constant over time and are unelaborated, generic perceptions. Synaesthetes report the experiences to be memorable, and emotional.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Free Hamlet Essays: The Message of Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Message of Hamlet Hamlet shows a mound of sadness and also contemplates suicide. He is very confused with his feelings and his depression has brought down his spirits, but Hamlet uses a mask of pride to hide all of this from the naked eye. The many events which have occurred, has made thinking straight for Hamlet difficult. His plans of avenging his founding fathers death are unraveling beforehis eyes and he is not in the right state of mind to stipulate things. Hamlet may be very proud but it is obvious he is very depressed and confused with life O God, God, How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable front to me all the uses of this world (I ii 32-34) First of all, Hamlet comes home to a dead father and the re-marriage of his mother to his uncle, Claudius We pray you throw to earth This unprevailing woe, and think of us as a father, for let the world take note you are the most immediate to our throne. (I ii, 106-109) All of this has been a huge negative shock to Hamlet. He d oes not understand the events which have taken place. Hamlets mother re-marring makes mourning his fathers death all the more than difficult. He does not understand why his mother would re-marry so soon after the death of her husband especially the fact that its to his uncle, Claudius. All of this has caused a lot of anger and sadness inside of Hamlet. All of his feelings have become unbearable and bottled up. He begins to lose control of his life. It has also caused him to feel a lot of hatred towards his mother. He also feels hatred towards Claudius and blames him, for their marriage. Hamlets hatred does not stop with his mother and Claudius he begins to see women as less due(p) to his mothers actions. When Hamlet thought things could not get any worse, the ghost of his father appears, revealing his murderer The serpent that did sting thy fathers life outright wears his crown (I v 39-40) Hamlet was not at all surprised to find that his fathers murderer was his own uncle O my pr ophetic reason (I v 41) Although Hamlet and two others saw the ghost with their own eyes, Hamlet was still reluctant to believing. Hamlet was the only one to hear the words of his fathers ghost.

Free Hamlet Essays: The Message of Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Message of Hamlet Hamlet shows a heap of sadness and also contemplates suicide. He is very confused with his feelings and his depression has brought down his spirits, but Hamlet uses a mask of pride to hide all of this from the naked eye. The many events which have occurred, has made thinking straight for Hamlet difficult. His plans of avenging his start outs death are unraveling beforehis eyes and he is not in the right state of mind to fetch things. Hamlet may be very proud but it is obvious he is very depressed and confused with life O God, God, How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable have the appearance _or_ semblance to me all the uses of this world (I ii 32-34) First of all, Hamlet comes home to a dead father and the re-marriage of his mother to his uncle, Claudius We pray you throw to earth This unprevailing woe, and think of us as a father, for let the world take note you are the most immediate to our throne. (I ii, 106-109) All of this has been a huge negative sho ck to Hamlet. He does not understand the events which have taken place. Hamlets mother re-marring makes mourning his fathers death all the to a greater extent difficult. He does not understand why his mother would re-marry so soon after the death of her husband especially the fact that its to his uncle, Claudius. All of this has caused a lot of anger and sadness inside of Hamlet. All of his feelings have become unbearable and bottled up. He begins to lose control of his life. It has also caused him to feel a lot of hatred towards his mother. He also feels hatred towards Claudius and blames him, for their marriage. Hamlets hatred does not stop with his mother and Claudius he begins to see women as less receivable to his mothers actions. When Hamlet thought things could not get any worse, the ghost of his father appears, revealing his murderer The serpent that did sting thy fathers life now wears his crown (I v 39-40) Hamlet was not at all surprised to find that his fathers murderer was his own uncle O my prophetic soul (I v 41) Although Hamlet and two others saw the ghost with their own eyes, Hamlet was still reluctant to believing. Hamlet was the only one to hear the words of his fathers ghost.

Monday, May 27, 2019

For Academic Purpose †Ceo Speech to Prospective Investors Essay

It is my utmost pleasure to be able to welcome you here today in Tek soothe Zone (ITZ) General Investors and Prospective Investors Quarterly meeting. Tek Comfort Zone is the Caribbean premier producer of ostentatious verbalise of the Art Furniture with electronic built-in and plug-ins accessories that provides superior comfort and quality solutions through custom design, manufacturing, readiness and support. Our fast growing clients include Five Stars Hotels, business tycoons, celebrities and a host of differents in the SHOW BIZZ.TCZ does not only strive to maintain its leading puzzle as Caribbean N 1 State of the Art Furniture Producer, but in like manner to expand in novelty and quality that steers a higher level of customer satisfaction alongside profit maximization. This whole process has involved an integration of mission, objectives, implementation and evaluation a proper time, cost, quality and human re springs charge and a critical maintenance of all forms of motivation s. The company is made up of 45 staff members. Briefly, it is headed by a CEO, with two Directors (Director of Production and Director of Budget) soluble to him.They direct the two sectors of the company (Production and Budget). The Budget sector has two managers (Purchase Manager and Sales Manager) answerable to the Director of Budget. Immediately under the Purchase Manager is the news report Supervisor, and directly under the Sales Manager is the Sales Supervisor. The Sales Supervisor oversees six employers while the Account Supervisor has five employees under his control. Meanwhile in the Production Sector only one manager (Manufacturing Manager) is answerable to the Director of Productions. Directly under the Manufacturing Manager are the instrument Supervisor and Operations Supervisor.The Inventory Supervisor oversees 10 employees while the Operations Supervisor supervises 14 employees. This well structured organizational flow is mindful of effective communications, job dupl ications, conflict and other factors that bay window affect a team spirit and job dexterity. Dear investors as a result of this strategy, TCZ has grown substantially faster than the global State Of The Arts Furniture market. While the global market as a whole grew just 5%, ours increased by 13%. An important source of revenue, the delivery of unrivalled bed, mattress and electronics charges, increased 18%, although the market saw a 1% decrease.Our pro-forma operating margin improved to 28. 3%, an increase of half a percentage point. We took additional market share away from our direct competitors in the State of Arts Furniture market, gaining one percentage point year-on-year, which takes us to a market share of approximately 21%. We thus sell approximately two and a half times more unrivaled electronic beds and, mattress than our close competitor, who had been the leading producer for 18 old age, before we ever dominated the market Our main competitor is the ABC State of Arts Fu rniture Ltd.They are the long-acting in the market and have dominated the premier role for 18 years. They are known for quantity and timely delivery. Unlike our competitors we added other important ingredients such(prenominal) as quality, novelty and frequent customer satisfaction research. This accounted for why we have emerged as the leading company in the market for the past five years. Our a few(prenominal) years of existence in the market would have attracted fear and false judgements from prospective investors against our maturity, stability and long-term success and survival.Without any doubt I can assure you that we are on the right path. How? Before our company could even kick off, we had carefully learned from the errors of others who have been in business many years before us. We carefully analysed their strengths and weaknesses. For example we learned never to preach what we cannot live by (meaning our quality must match our propaganda). This is the root of loss of pub lic confidence. We also learned that a strategy should not be considered only because of its promises in the short-term goals, but also because of its sustainability and expansions in the long-term.Importantly, we quickly learned the art of significant the consumer with quality and quantity goods and services with a maximisation of profit. And finally we also learned to provide investors with a consistent report of accountability and transparency on every level of attainment of the business. This gives our investors a true sense of ownership in the business. Dear prospective investor, without your investment, ICZ would have just been another brilliant idea. Your prime(a) to invest in into this company is what has made the idea a reality. We not encourage you to maintain your investments, but also to expand them.To our prospective investors, TCZ is the fertile groundwork for your investment. Grab this opportunity heartily. Your fears should not ponder about the success of the comp any. Rather the fear should be whether the investment recruiting conditions presently would be stricter since many investors show take to our companys philosophy and operations. The investors screening process may become more critical as many investors would Finally to the entire TCZ, may we in concert applaud our selfless and one-minded efforts that have brought us thus far.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

High School and District Championship

Holding the b all told in my hands, sweat pouring off my fore passport into my eyes, I stare confidently at the hoop, ready to shoot my first free throw. My teammates are lined up behind me at the half court line yelling words of encouragement. I shoot my first shot and the ball flies through the air. After what downms like centuries, it sinks in the rim with a loud swoosh, and the crowd roars. My teammates rush up to me, gamy- fiving and slapping me on the back. The game is tied and I have one more shot. The eferee tosses me the ball and the gym falls silent.Adrenaline coursing through my veins, I shoot the fleck shot. It rolls around the rim and falls in. The gym is alive with excitement as the final buzzer sounds and all my teammates are on their feet jumping and cheering, some instant with Joy. We win the state championship In the midst of all this, a strange thought enters my mind. Where would I be if I hadnt been in basketball game? My basketball career started in 4th gra de. Back then the only thing I really wanted to do was run around, dribble a ball, and name out with friends. Practices were all very basic plenty of layups and dribbling drills, and not much shooting or running.When our season began, we went into the games Just for fun however, we started getting break and handout into games with a NO LOSE attitude. We ended our fourth grade season undefeated. This is where my love of the game started. This devotion continued throughout later childlike and middle school. We have been extremely lucky to have 5 girls who have remained constant through all of the adversity we have faced together. When I started high school, I had to go hrough a big change that I had never experience before. I was no longer the star. I had girls four years old(a) than me, not to mention much better.I had to earn my spot. Though I didnt play much varsity my freshman year, I learned more ways to improve. The go game of my freshman year was the soil championship a gainst our arch-rivals St. Thomas More, which we lost. As I was sitting in the locker room, watching the senior girls cry and hearing to them apologizing for not getting us farther, I started setting goals in my head. Our coach came in by and by the game, gave us piece of paper and told us to write carry out what we needed to improve, so the seniors the following year wouldnt feel that way.That next summer we pulled those papers out and we started to improve on our flaws. My sophomore year was one that I will never forget. The transition from my freshman year to my sophomore year was a little more drastic. Instead of sitting the bench like I had the previous year, I was now starting varsity as a point guard. Starting the season with this big of a responsibility was very disagreeable on me, scarcely my teammates and coaches, gave e a great deal of confidence that carried me through the season.We had two awesome seniors that were great leaders and very effective on the court. Th e night before the district championship, I was admitted into the hospital for appendicitis. It was the worst feeling I had ever had in my life. The thought of letting my team down separate me apart. I called my head coach at 4 am the morning of the game, letting him know what had happened and that I wouldnt be playing that day. Three hours later I nad my appendix taken out. All I remember is lying in the hospital bed crying, hinking why this had to happen to me when it did.When I woke up afterward surgery, my coach had come to nail how I was doing and to let me know that this had happened for a reason and that we would make it work. He told me that if I wasnt able to go to the game, he would get under ones skin me a radio on the way so I could be sure to listen, and that he would stop afterwards to let me know how it went and I could see the team. After all day lying in my hospital bed crying, I was released at 2 pm that day and the first place I went was the gym. When I walked in, my team gathered around me to make ure I was 0k.As I continued to watch them shoot, I decided I wanted to go to the game, but I didnt want to ride with anyone other than the team. I checked with my mom and she allowed me to ride the bus to the game. Sitting on the sideline, I watched my team win the district championship. My day went from terrible to amazing in less than two hours. It was a great feeling when a few of my teammates came up to me and said, This was for you The season continued after that, and we won the regional championship, and we made our first trip to the2009 State Tournament, and we placed 3rd.After all that success my sophomore year, we hit some adversity starting into my junior-grade summer. After our trip to state, our head coach got an offer for a different coaching position at a bigger school, and our assistant also got other Job offer teaching. We were left coach-less, and the 5 of us that had been together through everything up to this point didnt know what we were going to do. A few of us started going to open gym in another town, so we could play, because we had no one to open it for us at home. We older girls tried getting everyone together to see what their thoughts on the situation were.Finally, in August of my Junior year, they hired someone. It was such a relief knowing that our season wasnt going to be dropped before it hitherto started. We had a few open gyms with the new guy, and suddenly he quit. He left us a week and a half before our ordained season started. There we were again, shocked and hopeless, some of us wanting to move to another town, Just so we could play. Then our current coach took the position. He had been the boys head coach for a few years having Just a couple successful seasons.The team had a meeting the Tuesday before practice started and he asked us to make eam goals for the season we told him, A trip to the state tournament, and an undefeated season. Coach looked at us crazy but wrote them d own. We started the season off stronger than ever, winning all of our games until it came to the West River Tournament, which we had been back-to-back champs the previous years. We played Wall and they ended up beating us by 3 in the championship game. It was devastating we couldnt study they took our perfect season, Just like that. After that game we came back ready to kill, and thats exactly what we did.We went into the istrict championship 21-1 . That NO LOSE attitude came back into effect and we won the district championship and the region championship for the second year in a row. We went back to state and played our hearts out, with the help of one amazing senior who played a huge role in our teams success. We finished 5th as consolation champions. As I reflect on the many years I have put into this game, I cant help but still wonder where I would be without it. I have learned so much about life, relationships, and hardships through this experience.With the help of basketball I m able to be a good leader, can work through adversity, and am a competitor through any obstacles I am torced to tace. As a senior, this year is the beginning ot the end of my high school basketball career, and I want nothing less than a state championship. I want to feel the rush of being on the line, with the game in my hands, and seizing that probability to make my teammates proud to prove that all that hard work and hours in the gym has paid off. I want to leave the Newell Lady Irrigators knowing we concluded something great, and that we will always be remembered.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Identification of the Impact of Cultural Diversity

CURTIN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF HUMANITIES (DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT) IDENTIFICATION OF THE IMPACT OF HOFSTEDES CROSS-CULTURAL DIMENSIONS ON THE DETERMINANTS OF PROJECT victory AMONG MANAGERS IN man-to-man(a) SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS IN MIRI, SARAWAK, MALAYSIA Uyi Rapheal Edomwandagbon 7e0b8198/14 Mitrabinda Singh search thesis presented as a part of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE ( encounter Management) June 2012 Acknowlight-emitting diodegement My most unreserved thanks and gratitude goes to my supervisor, Mrs.Mitrabinda Singh for her consistence patience, valuable advice and guidance through with(predicate) out(a) this final year scheme in every aspect. In addition, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to all the lecturers in Curtin University who at mavin time or the other make up been t present for me throughout the duration of this Master of Science in view Management course. I would also like to say a Special thanks t o all my course mates and seniors for their contri exclusivelyions and support in the writing of this look into.Last only if non least, I would like to thank all of my family both hither and back home for giving me this opportunity, Ik and Mathilda for their unrelenting effort in supporting me and Manami for her encouragements and love. victimize The explore focuses on identifying the underlie impact of Hofstedes cross- heathen dimensions on stray conquest among orphic sphere institutions in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. heathenish difference is preponderantly existent in most of todays esoteric heavens organisations but the effect has been greatly overlooked.Fol beginninging the aim of the schooling a number of read/write heads has been worn-out which the inquiry aims to answer and an in-depth analysis of past literatures and studies has been conducted and employ for the purpose of the underlying look into and a number of hypotheses have been drawn for testing this strike. First, an realisation of the factors unavoidable for go through achievement was do, fol confuseded by an analysis of heathenish dimensions bring abouted by Geert Hofstede (1984).The effect of each of the dimensions in relation to organisations winner factors was identified and these were applied to develop a correlation among the ethnic dimensions and cat victor. The search chance out shall be conducted within selected strata of 20 offstage domain organisation in Miri with lonesome(prenominal) the managers as participants, employing a quantitative advancement using a set of questionnaire containing questions with 5-point likert scale and a demographic section of open and close-ended questions distributed among managers in Private sector organisations located in Miri, Sarawak.The resulting findings and conclusion shall jockstrap in establishing this relationship and provide substantial evidence on if cross- pagan differences in Private sector organisatio ns grant to the success of insure in Private sector organisations located around Miri, Malaysia. The relationship as evaluated by Tukiainen et al. (2004) and (Matveev and Milter 2004) is that the heterogeneous ag convention of managers coming from diverse nations have lower disgorge success and according to Higgs(1996) the heterogeneous sort get advantages to get high purge success than the homogeneous group.The homogenous group here is the group of managers who be Malaysians from Miri private sector organizations. To analyse the group differences an independent sample T-test is conducted. Multiple regressions have been conducted to test the hypotheses. send back of Contents Chapter 11 1. 1INTRODUCTION1 1. 2BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY2 1. 3PROBLEM STATEMENT3 1. 4 question OBJECTIVES5 1. 5OPERATIONAL explanation OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS5 1. 6METHODOLOGY7 1. 7STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT8 Chapter 29 2. 1INTRODUCTION9 2. 2UNDERSTANDING PROJECT SUCCESS9 2. 2. 1 touchstone contrive succe ss10 2. 3CULTURAL DIFFERENCES13 . 3. 1Understanding Culture and heathen discrimination13 2. 3. 2Hofstedes ethnic Dimensions theory14 2. 3. 3The Effect of ethnic Difference on Project Success16 2. 4HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT19 2. 5CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESIS25 Chapter 326 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY26 3. 1INTRODUCTION26 3. 1. 1Application of study26 3. 1. 2Objectives of the research27 3. 1. 3Mode of enquiry27 3. 2FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM28 3. 3CONCEPTUALIZATION OF A RESEARCH DESIGN28 3. 4CONSTRUCTING AN INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION29 3. 5SELECTING A SAMPLE31 3. 6WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL33 3. 7DATA COLLECTION34 . 8PROCESSING AND DISPLAYING THE DATA34 3. 9WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT35 3. 10RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT36 Chapter 437 ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH37 4. 1INTRODUCTION37 4. 2DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS37 4. 2. 1Company Profile (Dem1)38 4. 2. 2 event of employees in organisations (Dem2)39 4. 2. 3Employee Nationality (Dem3)39 4. 2. 4Number of Diverse employees in participatin g Organisations (Dem11)40 4. 2. 5General Language of communication in Organisations (Dem12)41 4. 2. 6Employee perception of ethnical salmagundi issues (Dem13)42 4. 3PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS44 4. 3. 1Age of the answerers (Dem5)45 4. 3. Gender (Dem4)45 4. 3. 3Education level of participants (Dem6)46 4. 3. 4Job Profile (Dem7-Dem10)47 4. 3. 5Years in current position (Dem10)48 4. 4SECTION 2 PROJECT SUCCESS FACTORS (Q1-33)49 4. 4. 1Perception of Time, make up and Quality as measures of Project Success50 4. 4. 2Percentage of Effective police squad performance51 4. 4. 3Percentage swan way solve note53 4. 4. 4Percentage satisfies organisational coating and purpose55 4. 4. 5Percentage perception on wins to stakeholders, Users and invitees56 4. 4. 6Percentage efficient booking way57 4. 4. 7Percentage benefit to organisation59 4. SECTION C PERCEPTION OF EMPLOYEES ON CULTURAL DIVERSITY DIMENSIONS (CulD 1-25)61 4. 5. 1I agree that power and authority is being distributed equally among employees in my organisation. 61 4. 5. 2I agree that a certain level of power must be exercised to ensure that team members or employees ar dedicated to their flow in my organisation (CulD2)62 4. 5. 3I allow my employees to question me or occur management when in disagreement with project or hold up related issues in my org. (CulD3)62 4. 5. 4I agree with the statement that my employees must adhere to my organisations rules tear downing if it jeopardizes our organisational finales. CulD4)63 4. 5. 5I agree with the statement that employee supervision in my organisation is strict (CulD5)64 4. 5. 6I feel I have sufficient time for my family and personal intent outside my piece of work CulD665 4. 5. 7I agree that my employee appraisal is deserved for doing a good patronage at my organisation. CulD765 4. 5. 8I agree that an employee with the strongest say wins in matters of struggles or arguments in my organisation. CulD866 4. 5. 9I like to help others as much as I toilette. Cul D967 4. 5. 10I agree to the statement that working(a) is the only federal agency of livelihood. (CulD10)67 4. . 11I sometimes receive complaints from my employees about being stressed by work load. CulD1168 4. 5. 12I agree that my organisations rules must be strictly obeyed by my employees at all times. CulD1269 4. 5. 13I agree that time is most valuable to my employees when slip awayling tasks. CulD1369 4. 5. 14I agree with the statement that uncertainties and risks argon normal features of life. CulD1470 4. 5. 15I gestate that simple tasks should be handled first before others. CulD1571 4. 5. 16I allow the contribution of my employees in decision making in my organisations. CulD1671 4. 5. 7I agree that hiring and promotion decisions in my organisations in my organisations should be based on their performance and organisational rules only. CulD1772 4. 5. 18I have a sense of personal satisfaction when I accomplish challenging tasks at my organisation73 4. 5. 19I see that my emp loyees always follow group made decisions even if their personal convictions ar against it. CulD1973 4. 5. 20I have employees who generally p adjoin to work on their own without their group cooperation (CulD20)74 4. 5. 21I believe that my organisations goals is best measured by the future day achievements than the present achievements (CulD21)75 . 5. 22I agree that employee rewards and appraisals should not be based only on their performance (CulD22)75 4. 5. 23I believe that rules should be broken in order to achieve innovation76 4. 5. 24I agree that commitment to my clients and stake holders is important in maintaining my relationship with them CulD2477 4. 5. 25I agree with the statement that my employees rate their meal time and breaks even when pressed by challenging tasks (CulD25)77 4. 6FURTHER ANALYSIS78 4. 6. 1Reliability Test78 4. 6. 2Factor Analysis79 4. 6. 3Correlation Analysis81 4. 6. 3. 1Assumptions for correlationError Bookmark not defined. 4. 6. Test of Hypothesis ( H1a H1e)82 4. 6. 4. 1Multiple Regression Analysis83 4. 6. 4. 2Assumptions checking for regression analysis84 4. 6. 4. 3H1 All the Hofstedes Cultural dimensions relates to Project Success among managers of private sector organizations in Miri90 4. 6. 4. 4H1a thither is a relationship amidst situation hold in managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and de vergeinants of project success. 91 4. 6. 4. 5H1b There is a relationship among the Societal Collectivism (Individualistic/Collectivist) attribute of managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success. 91 4. 6. 4. H1c There is a relationship between gender variantiation of mixer set (Masculinity/Femininity) among managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success. 91 4. 6. 4. 7H1d There is a relationship between uncertainty dodge or the fear of un cognizes among managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project succ ess. 92 4. 6. 4. 8H1e There is a relationship between Long term orientation course for goal accomplishment among managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success. 92 4. 6. 5Test Of Hypothesis (H2) Independent archetypes Test93Chapter 594 Recommendation and Conclusions94 5. 1Conclusion95 5. 1. 1Identification of the impact of Hofstede cultural dimension on determinants of project success among managers in private sector organizations in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. 95 5. 1. 2Hofstedes cultural dimensions and project success96 5. 1. 3The Identification of whether heterogeneous group of managers coming from antithetical nations get higher project success than the homogeneous groups. 97 5. 1. 4Conclusions relating to the main aim of the study97 5. 1. 5Value of the research98 5. 2Recommendations for future research98 References99 Appendix A104 Appendix C105 Appendix C110Appendix D111 Appendix E113 List of frames rule 2. 1Research Model25 Figure 4. 1 Company profile38 Figure 4. 2 No of Employees in organisations39 Figure 4. 3 Nationality of respondents40 Figure 4. 4 Number of Diverse employees in participating40 Figure 4. 5 Number of diverse caters in organisation41 Figure 4. 6 Respondent language of communication in organisation41 Figure 4. 7 Language of communication42 Figure 4. 8 Do you feel your organisation has no floriculture problems43 Figure 4. 9 Do you feel these issues do not affect your organisation43 Figure 4. 10 Does your organisation have plans to handle issues in their organisations43Figure 4. 11 Do you feel these issues do not affect organisational objectives44 Figure 4. 12 cats-pawalist Age45 Figure 4. 13 Participant Gender46 Figure 4. 14 Education level of answerers46 Figure 4. 15 Job position of Respondents47 Figure 4. 16 Participant work schedule47 Figure 4. 17 Number of years of Respondents have worked in their organisations48 Figure 4. 18 Number of years working in same position49 Figure 4. 19 immobi lise chart of answerer solvent on Cultural mixed bag (Culd 1)61 Figure 4. 20 Bar chart of responder response on Cultural transformation (CulD 2)62 Figure 4. 1 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 3)63 Figure 4. 22 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 4)64 Figure 4. 23 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 5)64 Figure 4. 24 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 6)65 Figure 4. 25 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 7)66 Figure 4. 26 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 8)66 Figure 4. 27 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 9)67 Figure 4. 28 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 10)68 Figure 4. 9 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 11)68 Figure 4. 30 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 12)69 Figure 4. 31 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultur al Diversity (CulD 13)70 Figure 4. 32 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 14)70 Figure 4. 33 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 15)71 Figure 4. 34 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 16)72 Figure 4. 35 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 17)72 Figure 4. 36 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 18)73Figure 4. 37 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 19)74 Figure 4. 38 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 20)74 Figure 4. 39 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 21)75 Figure 4. 40 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 22)76 Figure 4. 41 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 23)77 Figure 4. 42 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 24)77 Figure 4. 43 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 25)78 Figure 4. 44 Scatter plot for PS and HCD81 Figure 4. 5 Scatterplot85 Figure 4. 46 Histogram85 Figure 4. 47 scatterplot of standardised residual against power distance86 Figure 4. 48 Histogram for assumptions testing88 List of bows Table 1. 1 Structure of the research8 Table 2. 1 Five cultural dimensions as referred by Hofstede (2005) and attributes drawn from the literature17 Table 3. 2 Coding/Item Generation From Literature To Measure Project Success (DV)30 Table 3. 3 Coding/item generation from literature to measure Cultural Diversity(IDV)30 Table 3. 4 Participating Organizations (Coded)33 Table 4. 1 Respondent perception of Time, Cost and Quality50Table 4. 2 Employee perception of effective team performance51 Table 4. 3 Respondent perception on project management process flavour53 Table 4. 4 Respondent perception on satisfying organisational goal and purpose55 Table 4. 5 Employee perception on benefits to client, stakeholders and users56 Table 4. 6 Respondent perception on efficient disput e management58 Table 4. 7 Respondent percentage on benefit to organisational60 Table 4. 8 Cronbach Alpha for project success (PS)78 Table 4. 9 Cronbach Alpha for Cultural Diversity (CulD)78 Table 4. 10 Factor analysis for project success80Table 4. 11 Factor analysis for Cultural diversity80 Table 4. 12 Pearson correlation of variables82 Table 4. 13 Correlation statistics82 Table 4. 14 Descriptive statistics of correlation81 Table 4. 15 ANOVA88 Table 4. 16 Model summary89 Table 4. 17 coefficients table89 Table 4. 19 Independent Sample Test93 1. 0 INTRODUCTION A diverse workforce, built of so many large number of different primings has a high contribution to how organisational objectives and goals atomic number 18 achieved collectible to the availability of a mix of people with completely different sympathy, emotions, thinking and attitudes.But does this affect the success of projects executed in these organizations? Thus, an understanding of the impact of different cultural dim ensions is effective in identifying how organizations with cultural diverse employees key successes in project underinterpreted in their organizations and cognition of whether the differences in culture or nationality have a decreed or negative effect on their organisational success is important.The increasing globalization trend today is coupled with surge for the need of skilled projection and has seen the global migration of people from every part of the world to different countries creating a web of organizations with so many cultural diverse employees working together in the same organizations. The impact of the cultural differences is fast becoming the focus of so many researches as it tends to have a relationship with how organizations employing cultural diverse staff function.This research explores the relationship between the wholesome known cross cultural theory of Hofstede and the determinants of project success outcomes among Private sector organizations in Miri, Sar awak, Malaysia with an emphasis on Private work dwelling house employee relationship and interaction and how the differences of their culture helps or stands as a barrier in their actualization of their goals and objectives.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The differences that are inherent in people much(prenominal) as their dressing, religion, languages and behaviors in their partnership and organizations values and shows how this differences in people is related to the way they interact with their environment, environment in this context refers not only to their physical environment but also to the people they have to deal as they go a foresighted with their everyday life.Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia is located on the eastern part of Malaysia with a population of about 300,000 people of the 25,581 approximate Malaysia population (Salleh 2007), consisting of Iban, Chinese, Malays, Berawan, Lumbawang, Malanau, Indian, Kayan, Kenyah, Kelabit, Bidayuh, Penan and other non-indigenous groups such as Europeans, Arabs and Afri prats etc. f different diverse backgrounds and religions and this exhibition of people are the overall make up of most of the Private sector workforce located here. The impact of these diverse work forces of people is sometimes overlooked and ignored which tends to undeniably affect how managers and employees relate with their counterparts of different cultures. This has an effect on workplace relationship can be a limiting or contributing factor to how their organizational goals are achieved on the long run.However, in that respect have been a lot of researches carried out on cultural diversity among manager and on organizational themes, but the true impact of its effects on these organizations performance is quite limited to a wider sphere of cross-country organizations and not attributed to places such as Miri. Just as a the combination of different sounds produce music(good) or noise(bad), so does a combination of people of different diverse backg round could also have results that could be positive or negative in organizations.PROBLEM STATEMENT During a formal peer coaching session with some colleagues of different cultures, it was easy to recognize the effect that working in Malaysia with others of diverse backgrounds had on diverse employees in carrying out their daily work, in other words, general job satisfaction and if this views could be shared by others of different cultures working in similar multi cultures environments.Were they generally satisfied with their jobs or are they just on that point working to get their daily bread. A study of the effects of cultural diversity on a joint Russian and British project showed that there is a relevance of cultural differences to project success and that it could affect the output of the project (Murray-Webster and Simon 2004).Their analysis of the project led to the discovery that although all factors that are requirement for the success of the project were in place, there was an underestimation of how diverse teams could guarantee the success of that project and that it is appropriate that organisations conducting projects should have relevant understanding of the differences in work behaviour and individual preferences of the diverse project teams.Success of projects in organizations has been attributed to the existence of a comfortable work environment that encourages a workforce where employees feel empowered to maintain maximum efforts that enable job satisfaction and comfort, with the ability to be able to deal with uncertainties that may arise. This also puts a stress on the organizations managers and insists that manager should be able to create an atmosphere were goals are clearly nderstood and employee participation is high (Belassi 2007). Kendra (2004) attributes that there is a high rate of failure in projects in organizations which was payable to factors such as poor working relationships between employees, lack of trust among team memb ers and proposes that the importance of organizations promotion of a shared cultural value could help in improving their project success rate.Kendras suggestions were based on organizational culture but on an individual level of analysis (were cultural diversity is less observed from) could be related and the impact could be seen from a much expanded view as these refers to groups of people with different backgrounds and understanding based on their cultures.Following Geert Hofstede (2005) in showing the way countries react to different cultures, there are some outstanding views on the application and adaption of the 5 dimensions of Hofstede on the basis that, although, it was correct, it seemed to be based on just Hofstede assumptions using only country values and it has to be seen from other perspectives which they broke down to be individual, organizational and country (Kirkman, Lowe, and Gibson 2006).An analysis of the individual level of cultural diversity would help in justify ing this statement and thus this research shall be aimed at the individual and organizational level of cultural diversity with managers as our focal point. The willingness of employees to accept and succumb to the issues from difference in culture has a high impact in organizational success. mployees in cultural diverse organizations should have an understanding of their culturally diverse counterparts as it helps to improve their team efficiency and communication which are all-important(a) to allure success in the organization, thus cultural differences should not be ignored but appreciated and welcomed in cultural diverse organizations, in other to attain their organizational goal and objectives (Frey-Ridgway 1997).In other to achieve favorable outcomes by organizations, it is necessary to assume differences in people in an individual sphere and not in the category of culture based differences that is accomplished with a comfortable work atmosphere portraying equality between pe ople (Day 2007), with an understanding and respect for the individual differences that are inherent in people and embedded in the organizations everyday processes (Magdaleno and Kleiner 1993).In the Malaysian context, the Malaysian employee is said to be Collectivist by nature, and are much open to their local subordinates than an outsider or foreigner in their workplace, but does this have an impact on their culturally diverse counterparts in the same workplace. Nelson and strong suggests, the Malaysian culture is collectivist in nature but only a section or department of these people (Nelson and Quick 1997). The question arises here is are managers from Miri private organizations have the same value for Hofstedes cultural dimensions? RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThis research aims at identifying how Hofstedes cultural dimensions in Private sectors of organizations in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia affects the determinants of project success and the main objectives of this research are as shown below * Identification of the Impact of Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions on determinants of Project Success among Managers in Private Sector Organizations in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia * Whether heterogeneous group of managers coming from different nations get higher project success than the homogeneous group from Miri private sector organizations.The objectives will be achieved by doing a study on Managers from Miri private sector organization, which at least employ 2 managers from different nationalities. OPERATIONAL rendering OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS The following terms are associated with this research, Hofstedes cultural dimensions, project, project management process, project success, intercultural communication. A proper definition of these terms would provide a better understanding in the research. Hofstedes Cultural DimensionsHofstedes cultural dimensions developed (1980-2001) as a measure of culture is the dominant metric of culture as it closely relates to many cultural attribute s from many different countries. This study also had utilize the largest sample for an empirical study on employees of IBM with employees belonging to 66 countries. This study helped to a large termination in bridging the gap between cardinal different/dissimilar cultures (Yoo, Donthu, and Lenartowicz 2011). The five different dimensions are Power Distance, scruple Avoidance, Collectivism, Long-Term Orientation, and Masculinity.The last dimension was taken from Confucian work dynamism (Yoo, Donthu, and Lenartowicz 2011). Culture defines an individual in terms of distinction of people from another group (Kelley and Fitzsimons 1999). (Gomez-Mejia and Palich 1997) suggests that to measure differences in culture we need to calculate the cultural similarity indicators. The five dimensions of Hofstede in this study will be taken as the cultural similarity indicators. Cultural Difference The cultural differences refers to the individual differences in the cultures of people living toge ther in a common society.By neglecting cultural differences and the refusal for its acceptance has been a problem and as Garcia (2011) suggests in her study of the long non-acceptance or recognition of cultural diversity in Europe and how it stands as a problem to the newborn Europe and the need for an understanding and educational activity on the issues of cultural diversity for promotion to individuals of the future so as to cultivate an early awareness of it. The cultural difference in this study is identified from the nationality of the participants (managers from private sector organizations). Project SuccessProject success can be said to have been achieved when a project is blameless with all objectives and goals being fulfilled. Defining project success can be in different ways, for software developers it could be on-time delivery, for designers it could be appreciation of a design, for a project manager it could be on-time, cypher completion that meets the required quali ty of the output. Project success in this research is being defined by success factors which serve as characteristics by which the objectives of the project can be said to have been successful completed.These factors used in this research as a delimit measure of success for projects are, time, cost, budget, efficiency of the project teams, conflict management and project management process, ability to satisfy the organizations goals, finally, benefits to stakeholder, clients and users. Project A project can be defined as any endeavor that has been undertaken to achieve a goal (Project Management Institute 2004). Project Management process A process is a set of interrelated activities and actions performed to achieve a predefined result.Project management processes are activities that are taken to achieve a project objective. The project management process quality as used in this research refers to the effectiveness of the project management process in the execution of the project. METHODOLOGY The study was carried out following the access code as suggested by Kumar (Kumar 2005) listed below * Formulate research problem * Compile literature review * Develop the project schedule * Establish a research design * Collect and Analyze and process the data Suggestions and improvements * Establish research conclusions * Finalize report STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT The report comprises of 5 chapters and is structured in table (Table 1. 1) below Table 1 . 1 Structure of the research Chapters Description Chapter 1. 0 Introduction This chapter gives us an overview of the report and introduces us to the background of the research, aims and objectives of study and operational definitions of the terms used in the research. Chapter 2. Literature Review This chapter consists of reviews of available literatures on project success and Hofstede cultural dimensions. Chapter 3. 0 Research Methodology This gives an liking of the overall research process while. It gives us a summary of how the research will be undertaken including the research design, literature review, population and sample, data collection instruments and process. Chapter 4. 0 Analysis of Research This chapter presents a detailed analysis of the study based on findings in addressing our aims and objectives and answering our research question Chapter 5. Recommendations and Conclusions This chapter gives a summary of the findings in the research study and addresses the value of the research with recommendations for future researches 1. 0 INTRODUCTION This research shall be accomplished using management studies and articles from past researches by Authors with a focus on Cultural Diversity and Project Success, the identification of past findings in the study of cultural diversity and project success and an exploration of how these findings are related and contribute to this study.Subsequently a look into the main aims of project management in accomplishing project within the confines of time, c osts and quality, management responsibilities as well as the contribution to achieving organizational project success. UNDERSTANDING PROJECT SUCCESS The Project Management Institute defines a project as a ephemeral endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service or result (Project Management Institute 2004). From this definition, it can be clearly seen that the word temporary means that it has an end time or duration and being unique means that it has an expected level of requirement or quality.The goal of every project is to be completed within the confines of time, cost and quality and a failure in any of these factors usually has a relational effect on the others and can undermine the overall goal of that project. For a project to be successful, an understanding of the project objectives and scope by the project team is essential. Recognising the actual needs of the client and satisfying those needs is what actually counts in saying the project was completed successfull y, and these all depends on the three factors of the project completion in time, within the budget and with the required quality maintained.Although, it is inarguable about the Time, Cost and Quality factors for projects success, Dennis Lock suggests that the success of a project, though judged from these three objectives depends on some other factors and actions undertaken during the project and certain of these factors relate directly to employees in the organizations, such as a strong support for the project and its manager from higher management, sound organizational quality culture, good project communication, well motivated staffs and a quick and fair resolution of conflict (Lock 2007).These views of other related factors that contribute to project success are instrumental to the touchstone of project success and a project that is successful can be subsequently tagged as successful if these factors are met. Measuring project success In the determination of project success, it is essential to establish how we define it. The most common meter of project success is by the measures of the success factors and the critical success criterias. From previous studies there is an undeniable difference between both terms. uccess factors are said to be measures that are put in place to ensure that the project becomes successful i. e. what must be done right to achieve the project success, while the success criteria are the indicators or benchmarks that are used to refer to a project as being successful (Cooke-Davies 2002), in other words, what has been achieved in the project that allows us to say that project has been successful. Basing the measurement of project success as used in this research is based on the simplicity in understanding it as they can easily be recognize and applied.There are so many factors that can be used to define project success (Prabhakar 2008) and these project success factors are industry dependent, thus there is a contrast in measuring the success of an IT project, a construction project or projects from other industries. A brief literature on the factors for measurement of projects from three industries will help to provide a connection between these factors or a general success factor for these project completions.For this purpose a look at the factors used in measuring project success from these industries, the construction industry, IT industry and a World Bank project. Chan (2001) developed a material which he used for measuring construction projects, and he suggests that the success of a construction project can be measured by factors beyond the project management goals of time, cost and quality. Construction projects are different from other types of projects in the way they are taken and rely on different processes that might not be significant in other industries projects such as the IT or software development projects.Factors such as safety might not be important in describing a software development pr oject success as it doesnt have to deal with the use of equipments or machineries that are dubious and although they could be considered but their impacts are too minimal to really have an impact. Baccarini (2004) suggests that project success is dependent on criterias based on two components which he called product success and project management success. He discussed that project management success depended on the project processes and stresses the importance of stakeholders and a good managerial process being in place.Product success has to deal with the final product or output of the project and how it satisfies the purpose of execution. Both of the components identified by Baccarini consists of underlying criterias which he used for the measurement of project success which are quite similar to the same criterias used by other researchers and are listed below. Project management success component * Meeting time, cost and quality requirements Project management success component * Meeting time, cost and quality requirements * Project management process quality Satisfying stakeholder project management process expectations * Project management process quality * Satisfying stakeholder project management process expectations Product success components * Meeting project owners strategic organizational objectives (client) * Satisfying user needs * Satisfying stakeholder where they relate to the product (users/customers) Wateridge (1998) suggests that in the IT industries, project success can be measured by some factors which he observed from analyze other researchers work on project success measurements.His (Wateridge 1998) research led to his conclusion that IT projects success can be measured through the factors of Meeting user requirements, achieving purpose, meeting timescale, meeting budget, user satisfaction and quality. An analysis of World assert projects (Ika, Diallo, and Thuillier 2012) suggests that the failure rate of these projects in Africa was a t about 50% until 200 and also that these failures can be attributed to managerial and organizational factors, including poor project design, stakeholder management, delays, budget and in execution coordination.The findings from the study suggested that project success criterias that are effective in accomplishing success in these projects can be said to be in the measures of Time, cost, clear objectives, countries, benefits, impacts, sustainability. Atkinsons studies (1999), on project success, have been widely used as a molding by most researches in the measurement of project success. Atkinsons model for measuring project success was derived from the primary project success measurement criteria of time, cost and quality and he accomplished his by dividing project into three stages, the delivery stage which was concerned with the efficiency of the project management process measured by Time, Cost, Quality and efficiency of the project management process the post delivery stage whi ch measured the product (resultant system), the product requirements and its benefits to stakeholders and another post delivery stage which measured the benefit and impacts to users and customers (Atkinson 1999).Based on these arguments, a list of project success factors that can be used as effective measures of success in projects are listed below, * Time, cost and quality are essential for project success * Efficient team participation is necessary for project success * Efficient project management process helps in improving project success and establishing a clearer objective * Ability to satisfy the organisations goals and purpose * Benefits to the user * Benefits stakeholder * Good conflict management * benefits to the clientsCULTURAL DIFFERENCES Understanding Culture and Cultural Difference Edward vestibule defines culture as the way of life of a people, the sum of their learned patterns, attitudes and material things (Hall 1980). Geert Hofstede (2005) defines culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the member of one group or category of people from another. Programming of the mind as proposed by Hofstede refers to the thinking patterns of every individual developed by their learn through their lifetime.Following Hofstedes theories on cultural diversity, it can be inferred that there is an underlying impact on organizations and while some researchers argue that, cultural differences brings creative thinking and innovation into organizations, others seem to contend that it leads to complexities and indecisiveness. Explicably, these theories will be applied into this research to understand the role of cultural diversity in an organizational framework. The cultural differences refer to the individual differences in the cultures of people living together in a common society.By neglecting cultural differences and the refusal for its acceptance has been a problem and as Garcia (2011) suggests in her study of the long non-accepta nce or recognition of cultural diversity in Europe and how it stands as a problem to the new Europe and the need for an understanding and education on the issues of cultural diversity for promotion to individuals of the future so as to cultivate an early awareness of it. Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions theory Hofstede 5 Cultural DimensionsGeert Hofstedes (2005) studies on cultural diversity helped in proposing a systematic framework for Identifying cultural diversity based of the different values of people which is known as the cultural dimension theories. His work on cultural diversity by breaking down the different values into 5 dimensions by studying different cultures has been accepted by so many researchers in the study of cultural diversity and has become one of the focal points in the study of cultural diversity.Hofstedes cultural dimensions divided cultural diversity by comparing values between countries and he observed that different countries had different cultural values wh ich he grouped into Power distance Index, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty escape and later on, Confucian dynamism or Long-term orientation. EXHIBIT-1 ____________________________________________________________________ Power distanceHofstedes (Hofstede and Hofstede 2005) power distance dimension explores the extent to which the less powerful members of an organization or institution within a country expect that power is distributed equally or unequally. This dimension stressed that individuals in a particular institution or organization in a country were not equal and points out the views of power holders in the country and the general acceptance by other less powerful members of the country. Individualism This dimension emphasizes the degree to which members of a society maintain mutuality among its members.Hofstede (2005) used the relationship of a society of being individualist or collectivists by nature, individualistic cultures tend to have the attribute of being self committed and are more concerned with their self values and also their immediate families only. Collectivists on the other hand are more group oriented and members of the collectivist society are expected to be loyal to their groups. Loyalty in a collectivist society was important and overrides societal rules and regulations. MasculinityThe masculine society is driven by competition, achievements and success with an emphasis on being on top, this dimension stresses the manliness of cultures and their zeal in trying to be the best. Collectivist societies on the other hand tend to demonstrate a leaning towards feminine values of caring for others and quality of life. This dimension clearly identifies societies and cultures with distinction between male and female roles in the society and stresses on sexual inequality between the male and female species of gay beings (Hofstede and Hofstede 2005).Uncertainty Avoidance This dimension illustrates how a society accepts the unknown, Hofst ede (2005) defines it as a the extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created institutions and beliefs that try to avoid these unknowns. Rules and norms are usually much accent in societies with high uncertainty avoidance rates and there is a fear for taking risks. Time Orientation This dimension was adapted from the teachings of confusions and was meant to illustrate the rapid economic development of some Asian countries.This dimension emphasizes on the societal values of having a long-term or terse-term orientation, and this dimension stressed on how these orientation helps to achieve success using china and other Asian countries as a focus (Hofstede and Hofstede 2005). Organizations today usually stir a long term orientation or short term orientation, long term orientation tends to work with the idea of future success and goals. ____________________________________________________________________ The Effect of Cultural Difference on Project SuccessCultural differences amongst team has been attributed with some negative outcomes such as conflicts, misunderstanding and poor performance (Matveev and Milter 2004). The study suggests that cultural diversity created problems in communication, coordination and control, team dispersion within teams and further suggests that an intercultural competence model for use with multicultural teams depends on three components cultural knowledge, skills, and personality orientation.Cultural knowledge relates to the understanding of cultural diversity amongst teams and a recognition of cultural differences in communication styles and interaction, fostered by being skillful in understanding and communicating among cultural diverse members and their personal orientation towards accepting what is represented as culturally diverse, in other words, their reaction towards diverse cultured members based on their emotions and behaviors. Previous studies tend to show an co nfederation to this understanding of the effect of the differences in cultural dimensions on Project success.Tukiainen et al. (2004) also affirms that cultural differences in project organisations produces creativeness in problem solving but it also leads to problems of higher ambiguity and suspicion among members of global project teams. They also argue that cultural differences, in global projects, leads to problems in the outcome formulation of projects, project execution and outcome assessments, suggesting also that the existent of locus of power also affects the interaction between project teams. Table 2 . Five cultural dimensions as referred by Hofstede (2005) and attributes drawn from the literature Cultural Diversity High Index Low Index Power Distance * High discipline within employees. * Poor employee-top management relationship. * Poor group decision making. * Greater awareness of their responsibilities. * Poor group supervision. Individualism (Low Individualism is u sually collectivist). * Poor decision making based on individual judgment. * Low conflict identification. * Poor teams. * Good decision making due to greater creativity and innovation. * Emphasis on team work. * Better conflict resolution. * Good group relationship. * And interdependence. * Higher job commitment. Uncertainty Avoidance * Low acceptance of innovative ideas. * Low creativity. * High Risk avoidance. * Better product quality. * slight ambiguity * Better precision in intervention tasks. * Better job satisfaction. Masculinity (Low Masculine Index are Feminist) * Greater efficiency in handling task. Good productivity. * Better work relationship between employees. * Better decision making. * Lower job stress. Long Term Orientation (Low index are short term) * Task executions are based on attainable ideas. * Adherence to tradition * Persistency in achieving goals. Greater goal orientation. The effect of cultural diversity in teams can be seen from Higgs (1996) study based on 4 of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede. He suggests that each of the dimensions have underlying advantages.It was easier to see the impact of cultural differences through the identification of patterns in management styles and motivations and effective cultural diversity management is related to certain positive factors of team performance which he stated as a shared understanding and commitment to team goals and objectives, a clear understanding of team member roles and contribution, an understanding of the value of diversity and an effective pooling of knowledge and skills (Higgs 1996). The 5 Cultural dimensions and their nderlying characteristics are shown in table 2. 1. HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT H1 All the Hofstedes Cultural dimensions relates to Project Success among managers of private sector organizations in Miri The supra hypothesis is drawn based on the past findings of a relationship between Hofstedes cultural dimensions and its influence on managers and project su ccess. Based on this hypothesis a regression model has been generated to test the varying relationship between each of the 5 dimensions of Hofstede as shown below, Y= 0+1 X1t+2 X2t+ p X5t+et Where p= no. of independent variables and t= no. of respondents. A hierarchical regression analysis will be conducted based on the model below with the 5 cultural dimensions of Hofstede as predictors. PSt = 0+1 PD1t+2 IND2t+3 MAS3t+4 UA4t+5 OAS5t+et (Where PSt = Project Success, 0 is a constant (the intercept) that describes the value of PSt when all Xs are 0, PD = Power Distance, IND= Individualistic, MAS = Masculinity, UA = Uncertainty Avoidance, LTO = Long Term Orientation, t= no. Of respondents, et = error term)H1a There is a relationship between Power distance in managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success. The above hypothesis is drawn from the following literature review In a project organization context, Power distance can be a negating or contr ibuting factor to how their project goals are accomplished that depends on how the relationship between subordinates of different organizational level such as managers and employees influence the achievement of their organizational goal.KObonyo and Dimba (2007) in his study of the impact of cultural diversity on human resource management in Kenya claimed that the impact of the Kenya high power distance index creates a barrier between managers and employees in which employees see themselves as different from managers, while the managers are reluctant to allow the employees to engage in such things such as decision making. High power distance relates to the difference in equality between employees and top management which in turn affects how decisions are made in such organisations, decision making is not collective and the top management makes all the decisions.This emphasizes that in countries with a high power distance index, decision making is not a collective process and most dec isions are usually taken by top management alone without the employee involvement. Power distance is relational to poor employee-top management relationship, with decision making only done by top management. Uncertainty avoidance high dimension was attributed with the non acceptance of innovative ideas and behaviors and low job mobility, that is, employees were more satisfied with their current job situations (Kundu 2001).Another study on the effect of cultural diversity using Hofstedes first 4 dimensions was done on construction industries in Singapore and china (Pheng and Yuquan 2002). They suggested that low power distance is prone with less supervision of employees and decentralisation of task. High Power Distance was relevant and would have a similar effect on quality effectiveness in both high and low power distance cultures. (Kull and Wacker 2010) Higgs (1996) suggests that each of the dimensions have underlying advantages.Low power distance index in organisations tends to cr eate awareness on employees responsibilities and a high power index creates discipline. H1b There is a relationship between the Societal Collectivism (Individualistic/Collectivist) attribute of managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success. The above hypothesis is drawn from the following literature review Individualism and collectivism illustrates the nature of relationships between peers in different countries.Individualism relates to countries in which there was a low relationship between individuals and is more centered on self while collectivism were countries that are more group oriented (Brewer and Sunil 2011) . Thus, it can be inferred that collectivism contributes to better decision making based on the collection of minds and the interpersonal relationship that exists between them. Kundu (2001) suggests that high individualization contributes to individual decision- making, while collectivist nations had less individual decision mak ing.Vosedek (2007) researched into the effect of cultural diversity on outcomes of work group tasks based on the individualistic and collectivist dimensions of Hofstede in relation to group and task conflicts. He (Vodosek 2007) suggests that when it comes to cultural diversity in organizations, three types of conflicts were present which he referred to as Relationship conflicts characterized by incompatibilities between members of culturally diverse organizations and having the attributes such as tension and annoyance.Task conflicts were characterized by group member disagreements based on the non acceptance of decisions, ideas and opinions and lastly process conflict which was characterized by disagreement on how task should be done or handled. He also suggests that there was a general acceptance of opinions between people of the same group, than those of other outer groups and aligns that the organizational outcomes where harder to actualize in culturally diverse groups due to pro blems in their process, errors in communication and perceived prejudice that is associated with cultural diverse groups.Cultural diversity from his studies was related to group satisfaction and indicates the way the group performed in handling tasks. KObonyo and Dimba (2007) also suggests that employees in collectivist nations were more entangled with group decision makings due to the good relationship and closeness between employees but were very poor at top management appraisal to employees.Subsequently, Kokt (2003) in his studies of the impact of cultural diversity on team performance in south Africa, suggests that team formation was more negatively realistic in cultural diverse groups than culturally homogeneous groups and that the problems in cultural diverse teams was more based on language, communication (Canen and Canen 1999) and the non recognition of the ability of cultural diverse individuals to be loyal to their groups but, that cultural diverse teams were also attribut ed with a better management of conflicts and engaged more diverse ways in problem solving and creativity which was positive to organizational success.His findings also suggests that assertiveness which is an individualistic nature had a negative impact on quality effectiveness as it was characterised low group decision making and poor conflict identification. (Kull and Wacker 2010). Collectivists are generally more committed to their jobs (Higgs 1996). H1c There is a relationship between gender differentiation of social values (Masculinity/Femininity) among managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success. The above hypothesis is drawn from the following literature reviewHiggs (1996) suggested that while masculine dimension tends to promote efficiency and increased productivity, feminine dimension tends to personal service and custom building. The view of cultural diversity as an edge to gaining competitive advantage by organizations is importan t in achieving organizational goals. Feminine dimension tends to contribute to better job satisfaction with organizations of countries of high index as it stresses more on interdependence between employees and reduced stress (Brewer and Sunil 2011).Low masculinity dimension countries had a good decision making process and lower job stress, while High masculinity cultures had a higher work performance KObonyo and Dimba (2007). H1d There is a relationship between uncertainty avoidance or the fear of unknowns among managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success. The above hypothesis is drawn from the following literature review A low uncertainty index is associated with lesser ambiguity and lesser fear of tasking risks, with a staff who were less ambitious (Pheng and Yuquan 2002).Uncertainty avoidance dimension is effective in improving quality as cultures with high uncertainty avoidance index are more aware of their process controls and ensured the use of quality standards based on the international organisations for standardization (Kull and Wacker 2010). Higgs (1996) found out that high and low uncertainty avoidance creates lower innovation and precision respectively. H1e There is a relationship between Long term orientation for goal accomplishment among managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success.The above hypothesis is drawn from the following literature review An important factor associated with project success is Quality which depends on an effective quality management system. Study of (Kull and Wacker 2010) on quality management in Asia based on the Globe dimensions which are adapted from Hofstedes dimensions suggests that future orientation (Hofstede Long term short term orientation) is not significant in improving quality, though, short term orientation are more goal oriented while long term orientation depended on past ideas which are more attainable.The long term orien tation is being used in this correlation but it was not used in Hofstedes research on Malaysia and so there is no scoring available for the dimension in Malaysia, but can be significant if we derive any result for this particular cultural dimension.Hofstede (2005) in his study suggested that this dimension in workplaces had an emphasis on family values, in which these organizations where seen as closely knit families with attributes such as having a sense of thrift (saving for future), shame (fear of losing face which breeds commitments in Long term orientation), patience in achieving goals and respect for tradition (sticking to traditional rules that could impede innovation). H2 There is a group difference between Malaysian and non-Malaysian managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success.This hypothesis is developed to find out the inherent difference that exists between Malaysian Managers and Non-Malayasian managers in Miri in actualizing t heir project success based on this question, Do Malaysian managers get better project success than non-malaysian managers?. Appendix B shows an illustration of the past studies and the possible relationship between Hofstedes cultural dimensions at workplace and the project success. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESIS H1c Project success Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions, (Power distance, societal collectivism, Gender Differentiation, Uncertainty Avoidance and Long term orientation)Power distance Individualism/Collectivism Masculinity/Feminism Uncertainty avoidance Independent Variables Dependent Variable Long term orientation H1a H1b H1d H1e H1 Nationality (Malaysian/Non-Malaysian) H2 Figure 2 . 1Research Model Figure 2. 1 shows the conceptual framework above shows the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables. The development of hypotheses is order at answering the research questions and to investigate the relationship between Hofstedes cultural dimensions and determinants of project success. * RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1. 0 INTRODUCTIONKumar (2005) suggests that a research project type is categorised based on three perspectives, which he listed as, * Application of the study * Objectives of the study * Mode of enquiry used in conducting the study This research type has been classified based on this three perspectives and this suggestion is being applied to how this research has being undertaken. Application of study In view of what this research seeks to find out, the research study is an applied research, applied research involves the use of traditional research methods in the collection of data in other to find out or enhance a phenomenon.Objectives of the research The research is a correlation research. Correlation research is done to discover a relationship between two or more aspects of a situation (Kumar 2005). Thus, this research is deemed to be correlation because it seeks to explore the relationship which Hofstedes cultural dim ensions have on project success among managers in Miri. Stangor (2010) suggests that an advantage of a correlation research is that it can be used in assessing behavior as it occurs in peoples everyday life by measuring the research variables and trying to find the linking relationship between the variables. Mode of enquiryThis research employs a structured approach to how it is undertaken. A structured approach involves a research in which all the research process is predetermined. This research employs the use of quantitative research methods for data collection. A content analysis has been carried out to define the constructs and variables that will be used in creating the questionnaires for the quantitative analysis. (Hseih and Shannon) suggests 3 approaches of qualitative content analysis namely conventional, tell, or summative. We have used directed approach which starts with a theory or relevant research findings as guidance for initial codes.Due to time constraint the other two approaches cannot be taken which may have more error free coding. The justification for the use of quantitative method is based on the sample collection method, which involves the use of a set of self completion questionnaires aimed at measuring project success and identifying the different existing dimensions of cultural diversity. The research process used is based on research guidelines and operation steps as suggested by kumar (2005), as listed below * Formulate research problem * Conceptualization of a research design * Constructing an instrument for data collection * Selecting a sample Writing a research proposal * Collecting data * Processing data * Writing a research report FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM The research was formulated based on the notion to identify an understanding on how cultural diversity can be used as a determinant of how success in projects is achieved in organisations with cross-cultural employees of different diverse background. The cultural dimen sions of Hofstede has been used in the identification of different cultural characteristics that are inherent in employees and these has been used as an underlying construct in investigating how it affects project success in these organisations.Kumar (2005) suggests that a main function of formulating a research problem is to decide what you want to find out in the research. CONCEPTUALIZATION OF A RESEARCH DESIGN A research design helps to provide a workable and doable detail on how a research question will be answered. It involves detailed information on the how, when and where a research is going to be carried out. An in-depth review of past literatures and studies concerned with a research is fundamental to creating a research design and a timeframe in which the research is going to be carried out is instrumental in establishing duration of the research.This research is carried out by identifying how managers in private sector organisations located in Miri view the impact of cult ural diversity in their organisations on project success. The timeframe of this research is developed from the time-frame that was given by the department for the completion of this research and is shown in Appendix A. Kumar suggests that a thorough literature review helps to bring clarity and focus to the research problem, as well as improve the research methodology, broaden the researcher knowledge on the research area and conceptualize the research

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Tourism Problem in Australia

INSTITUTE OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT AURANGABAD, INDIA touristry planning aims at reducing damage which might be caused by touristry while ensuring maximum benefits for the socio-economic development for the nation(Shashi Prabha Sharma, 2004) Abhishek Mohan (H-17005) Module touristry Planning and Development Module Tutor Mr. Subhasis Mandal Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for B. A. (Hons. ) in hotel solicitude UNIVERSITY OF HUDDERSFIELD, U. K. Synopsis This essay states the positives and shuns of touristry and the negative oppositions that touristry has on different systems of a country such(prenominal) as economic, social and environs.It excessively focuses on the touristry pains of Australia and the negative impact it has on the various attractions. It comprises of facts and figures from the tourism extracts of Australia. The essay explains the stages of tourism planning with its importance and function. It ordain enable the reader to connect the concepts of tour ism of planning with the tourism impacts and how it laughingstock be beneficial for minimizing the negative impacts. List Of Contents TopicPage Number 1. Introduction 2. Damages Caused by touristry and its Impacts 3. Tourism Impacts Australia 4.Tourism Planning 5. Critique 6. Suggestions and Recommendations 7. Conclusion 8. Bibliography Introduction As stated by _________ tourism is defined as The temporary movement of people of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities nominated to cater to their needs. It is the business of travel with no political, ideological, geographical or cultural boundaries. As a diligence it is very vast including wide array of people, activities and facilities.Although tourism is not identified as a distinctive labor but a unique sort of industries tied together by a crude denominator the traveling public. As claimed by the World T ourism Organization (WTO) the tourism diligence is currently the cosmeas largest industry with annual revenues exceeding 3 trillion dollars. The tourism industry is a very old industry dating back up to Mayan period, which developed as civilizations became conventional and spread geographically. It more or lessly developed during the empire era, which started from the time of the Egyptians who had centralized government locations.As travel became common, food and lodging had to be caterd which started a pertly wave of exploitation in the industry. Further the tourism industry is sub divided into various parts on the basis of the major stimuli attracting the people. The most common forms be Medical tourism, Cultural tourism, sports tourism, eco tourism and mevery more. The new concept in the industry is of sustainable tourism which selects using all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity.Many countries birth tourism as their main economic base, i. e. they totally depend on tourism for their income. Tourism also p sics the role of a major income base for many early(a) countries around the globe. In India in the year 1989, tourism marked as the largest foreign fill in earner for the countries. Even developed nations like Canada (which derived 11% of its GDP from the tourism in the year 1989) rely heavily on tourism for their income. Other than this tourism is also virtuoso of the most labour intensive industries offering jobs to skilled and ploughout skilled people.It is a major source of employment for the countries having scarce natural resources which cannot support the economy. Although tourism has been always identified as a industry for growth and development of a nation, but it has an other side also which involves the depletion and damage of the tourist places because of excess movement of travelers and many other reasons. Governments of many countries as sou nd as social firms are now diverted towards the conservation of these unique tourism sites so that their beauty remains intact and they are preserved for the incoming generations.Tourism is an strategic human activity of great significance but it has negative sides also which are the social, cultural and political impacts on the region. Damages Caused by Tourism and Their Impacts Tourism is considered as an important factor for a countrys development, it has its impacts on the economy as a whole. With the economic impacts it is really important to focus on the impact of tourism on nature, people and polishs of a region. At a certain point of time if tourism is not decently managed it can lead to overpopulation of tourists in a region.Every region has its own carrying capacity of the tourists which is divided into three categories Physical Capacity Environmental Capacity bionomic capacity If the Carrying capacities are not controlled it can lead to multiple problems leading to de pletion of tourism in that location. Economic Impact Tourism industry is one of the major industries that have a huge impact on countrys economy. Therefore governments are spending so much on the development of tourism, which in turn helps their economy in terms of GDP growth, employment, and development.It also has an impact on the foreign exchange, it has been seen that tourist arrivals increase with decrease in currency value. Tourism industry stabilizes the economy even at the time of recession the industry had only minor declines in revenue based on the fact that citizens of most industrial nations have come to view vacationing as a necessity of life. Tourism also provides the economic incentives to developed understructure, which in turn can e enjoyed by the residents also. On the negative side overdependence on tourism can lead to a dangerous lack of economic diverseity.If the tourism in a totally tourism dependent economy fails then they have no other option to support the economy. Tourism can also highlight too much of a ripe thing for a region and bring too many visitors to the area, this increase tourist arrivals can lead to increased prices and the increase of population in the region, increased number of residents will lead to strain the basic public services like hospitals and schools. Environmental Impacts The term environment has been defined in many ways. It can be simply defined as a given set of conditions in which one lives and is influenced and in turn influences these set of conditions.It was only after 1960s that people realize that environment is a perishable resource and tourism has bad impacts on the environment too. To provide adequate services to the visitors, a region must first developed the necessary infrastructure to support these services. The development of infrastructure for tourism will have a direct impact on the environment of the area. With increased level of tourist movement on the road as well as the air, at that pl ace is an increase in the consumption of furnish as well as pollution being spread in the air harming the natural habitat and the forest cover of the region.Historical site detonation is also a cause of major concern. From tourism prospective the environment comprises of the following 1. Natural environment Beaches pee bodies- lakes, rivers and oceans Hill Stations Caves Forests Wildlife 2. Built Environment Accommodation and built facilities Transport infrastructure Theme parks Dams and Reservoirs 3. Natural Resources Air Water Climate- Temperature, rainfall, snow, glaciers etc. Tourism has its impact on environment in many different ways some of them are listed below Pollution It is a major impact that tourism has on environment.Transportation facilities used for the movement of tourists over land, sea and air emit harmful gases which damage the natural ecosystem and beauty. One common example is of braid of resorts and lodging facilities inside or very close to wildlife sentr ies or an historical site which pollute the nearby environment with their waste and construction and other such activities. Depletion of natural resources With the development of tourism facilities the forest cover of a region gets depleted. The forest wood are also used many times for fuel purposes and careless behavior of tourists also cash in ones chipss a reason for many forest fires. Other impacts include the bad effect or garbage by tourists, trading congestion and other such problems. Socio/Cultural Impact Even though a tourist is a temporary resident of a region, but they practically leave long lasting impact on the community. Often the tourists visiting the underdeveloped countries have an impact on the clothing, lifestyle and other behavioral patterns of the topical anesthetic community. Although the culture is usually used for marketing a region or a community but the tourism has a huge impact on the social and cultural lives of the people of the community.Cultural Im pacts Culture is one of the main stimuli for tourists to travel. Handicrafts, cultural events, traditional dressing, religion, dance, music, folktales etc. generally attract them. Apart from creating awareness close one anothers culture, tourism has marked influence on many aspects of a societys culture. when tourists visit an unknown destination and are unaware about local anesthetic impost and practices, a dispute situation may arise. Culture shock and cultural arrogance are often the reasons that realize conflicts between the tourists and the host communities.Culture shock results from witnessing a totally different lifestyle or behavior by the tourist or the host. Lack of converse or understanding can cause such situations. Culture and Authenticity Mass tourism has resulted in a shift from natural authentic culture to contrived culture and tourism planners are fulfilling the quest for knowing and enjoying the culture. While tourism helps in preservation of culture and rej uvenation of traditional art forms, sometimes locals cannot meet the demands or sell the handicrafts at low prices.The demand for large quantity of artifacts at cheaper prices has led to commercialization of material culture, which is either mass produced in a factory or imported, from abroad. In both subject areas at that place is loss of authenticity. This may lead to misunderstandings and disappointments for both tourists and residents. Handicrafts are time consuming and authentic crafts involve a lot of effort while the number of articles produced per day is low. Mass produced or factory produced crafts are cheaper and often the tourists are disappointed to note that the artifact purchased in one country has the manufacturing label of another country.Impacts On Society The socio cultural impact of tourism varies from destination to destination depending on the nature of tourism, military capability of hosts, background of the tourists and the strengths and weaknesses of the destination. Below are listed some of the negative socio cultural impacts of tourism. Rural-urban migration Disruption of lifestyle Staged authenticity Narcotics and drug abuse Deceased use of local languages Health issues, HIV/AIDS, Avian flu etc. Prostitution, pedophilia, Homosexuality etc. Alcoholism Crime- pick pocketing, mugging, rape, murder Money laundering Disrespect of local customs Although tourism cannot be blamed for all social evils, it is a known fact that the presence of strangers, temporary visitors, floating populations, or even the armed forces may influence such social problems. Tourism Impacts Australia Tourism is an extremely important industry in Australia. The industry has been credited for creating jobs and generating a great deal of income for the nation. In the year 2003-04 it roughly contributed 4% towards Australias GDP, it also employed around 5. 6% of Australian workforce and made up 12% of all exports. hatful from around the world are attracted towards Australia for its unique attractions like the Great Barrier Reef, Tropical Rainforests and a rich indigenous heritage. It has a very well established infrastructure set up for tourism. Environmental Impact There are many examples of tourism having impacted negatively on the physical environment. Over-development along coastal strips (such as the Gold Coast in Queensland) has created ecological problems for many of Australias beautiful beaches. Plants and shrubs have been removed from rainforests to make room for walking trails.Recreational activities such as four-wheel driving have destroyed sand dunes and vegetation, and bottom-trawling in the Great Barrier Reef has had adverse effects on biodiversity. Visitors have dumped non-biodegradable rubbish into antecedently unspool ecosystems, the construction of sea walls and marinas for the benefit of humans has disrupted natural erosion paradees of marine and estuarine environments, and the growing presence of humans in remote areas miss infrastructure has caused significant waste management problems.These are just a few of the negative effects that increased human traffic caused by tourism has had on Australias natural environment. Heron Island is an example of an ecotourism destination located on Australias Great Barrier Reef. The University of Queensland runs the Heron Island Research Program on the island and visitors are further to participate in activities organized by the look center, such as coral-coding, which contribute to the areas ecological well-being. Over 1. 5 million people visit the Australian Alps study parks annually (Good and Grenier 1994 Good 1995).Winter and summer tourism and digression active- ties can have negative environmental impacts, such as trampling of vegetation, introduction and spread of weeds, littering, and nutrient enrichment of soils and water (Good 1992 Good and Grenier 1994 Buckley et al 2000 Pickering et al 2001 Eagles et al 2002 New- some et al 2002). Social/Cultura l Impacts Often, in a rush to develop the tourism industry, the social impacts are often overshadowed by the short-term gains, despite the fact that the essential composition of the host society will have a significant influence on the potential success of the development.Perhaps the greatest tragedy of the effects of tourism in Australia is its displacement of local residents, who are unable to afford the dramatic increases in the costs of living arising from the tourist prices for commodities. Tourism has also been associated with an increasing crime rate, from prostitution, gambling and drug abuse, and the tensions and dangers these factors create in local communities is equally responsible for resident displacement and subsequently, a general disintegration of community morale.Tourists to Australia in recent years have become increasingly interested in exploring the cultural diversity of Australia from the traditional Anglo-Saxon lifestyle, to those of the various ethnic groups and evently of the indigenous peoples. To a considerable extent, this has enhanced the correlative intercultural understanding and awareness between all parties, and significant management actions have been undertaken to incorporate culture into tourism. Economic Impact Tourism is often seen as the declaration to economic hardship but in Australia it is rather diversifying the local economy.Small communities started to become reliant on tourism which drew labor away from raw material industries such as agriculture and manufacture. Tourism Planning Tourism planning basically involves predicting the prospective, mountain goals and objectives to attain the desired outcomes in the future. Planning is an important contour in any industry or organization. However, because of involvement of so many diversified organizations in the tourism industry it is not easy to plan. The planning process is a combination of processes to develop as well as sustain the tourism revenues.A wide vari ety of decisions are made which include the quantify of development, size of infrastructure, promotional campaigns, and efforts to serve tourist places. Planning must include studies of the increased burdens on natural resources as well as basic infrastructure like roads, protection, water supply etc. so that the burden on these resources can be minimized. Planning is a continuous process and plans should be rewrite continuously according to the present conditions and tourist arrivals and on the basis of study of various surveys.It is also a very important phase, which will determine the future of the tourism in a region so the authority to plan usually rests with the government. Research on new industry trends should be conducted continuously to proceed up with the planning process by using the information derived from those researches. Key Steps to take care for tourism planning The planning process should lay out how the government or the leading authority can maximize benefit s from tourism while minimizing environmental damage and conflict with local stakeholders it should reflect guinea pig tourism policy and development plans.A tourism plan may be part of the management plan, a stand-alone document, or combined with a site tourism development plan if tourism is important. It should give 1. An explanation of the objectives of tourism and recreation, the activities to be encouraged or excluded in different zones, and the amenities to be provided 2. The national context (e. g. tourism growth rates, impact of global or national socio-economic events) and policies concerning tourism development 3. Carrying capacity and limits of acceptable change . User fees and other income from tourism and local visitors, recognizing that the latter are likely to provide less revenue but that their support for the government is essential and the extent to which tourism/ recreation is expected to provide income in a certain area 5. Interpretation and education activities 6. Recognition that tourism activities and infrastructure must respect International regulations and national legislation these should meet required standards and demonstrate best practices 7.The roles of government agencies, the private sector and local communities in tourism development in and adjacent to the region, and any potential or existing conflict between this and other economic activities 8. Monitoring key parameters to monitor lizard include visitor trends, social and environmental impact of visitors, quality of the service provided, whether visitors needs are being met, etc. Critique Australia is among the top 10 tourist destinations of Asia pacific with 5. 89 million tourist arrivals in the year 2010.It is famous for its beaches, wildlife and the coral reefs on of them being the Great Barrier Reef. Australia has a sophisticated and developed infrastructure to cater the tourism needs and the government has been able to properly harness the natural beauty of the countr y. There is an increasing demand for sports tourism in Australia and also educational tourism with the expansion of good Australian universities. Increasing number of foreign arrivals also lead to many difficult situations and problems, which the government has to get away up with.One most recent issue, which happened, was the case of racial discrimination brought up on several Indian students for a long time, which involved mob fights, and even more serious problems, which the foreign students faced. This happened more often than not because of the increase in Indian students going to Australia and settling down there only. After this incident Australia has seen a decline in foreign student exchange programs. One more major incident that came up in news was about the Great Barrier Reef, which are a world famous UNESCO world heritage site and a crown to Australias tourist destinations.Due to many natural as well as man made reasons there has been a depletion of the reef since 1998 . In current scenario the reef generates income over A$7 billion annually and is a optimal destination for scuba divers and other water sports enthusiasts. On a negative side tourism rarely had much impact on Australias economy. With the development of the tourism industry it provided jobs to unskilled as well as semi skilled workers, which in turn shifted the workforce from basic agriculture and farming jobs to the industry.Suggestions and recomendations Australia has a very particular and a strict tourism plan for monitoring tourism in the country, instead of this there are some problems which it needs to take care of which were earlier stated above. Australia should form norms and regulations for the protection of local people as well as the tourists to prevent the mishaps that haven been accuring in the future, this can also include setting up a new infrastructure or a whole new security system for the tourists.Australia also needs to maintain its tourist intake capacity becaus e inviting more and more tourists and earning money is not the only thing, there are negative sides to it also. One can see the results of increasing tourists in Australian Alps and the Reefs in Australia. The pollution and the waste material left back by the tourists serves as a harmful element to the nature and its beauty. It can also lead to more tourists coming to visit than the carrying capacity of the region, so to revent all this the australian government should take steps at an early stage to monitor tourism for the betterment of nation as well as the tourists. The conflict between the local industries and the tourism industry should be solved in Australia. This conflict can lead to a worse later stage which will damage the job structure and economy of Australia. All other industries including the tourism industry should be interdependent on each other catering to each others needs. Conclusion Keeping Australia tourism in the center has made this project.Australian tourism h as seen a drastic increase in the previous years. Australia also features in the top 10 tourist arrivals in the Asia pacific. In spite of many negative impacts of tourism on the country as a whole the tourism continues to grow in the same pace. Recently the government has taken necessary measures to cope with the problems. Tourism planning is a plays an important role in the formation of strategies and rules for the tourist arrivals. It is a complex and continuous process which involves the involvement of more than one authoritative body.Bibliography Social and Cultural impacts Of Tourism. (2004). Retrieved 2011, from http//www. gawler. sa. gov. au/webdata/resources/files/5_Gawler_Impacts_Tourism. PDF The Tourism Industry in Australia. (2003). Retrieved from http//www. skwirk. com. au/p-c_s-16_u-140_t-417_c-1468/tourism/nsw/tourism/issues-in-australian-environments/geographical-issues-human-elements Catherine Marina Pickering, e. a. (2003). Environmental Impacts of Tourism on the Au stralia. Mountain research and Development . Roy A. cook, e. a. Tourism Tge Business of Travel. Dorling Kindersley.